利用APD对大气气溶胶空气动力学直径测量分析

详细介绍了气溶胶大气粒子经过两个激光束后通过雪崩二极管（APD）探测其形成的双峰信号,从而得到气溶胶粒子飞行时间的方法,利用标准粒子对飞行时间进行校准后,实现了对大气气溶胶粒子直径的实时监测.通过不同粒径多组的实验数据进行分析组成专家模式,代入系统进行空气测量或标准粒子测量,得到的实验值与理论值一致.     

用激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱法检测悬浮土壤颗粒物

在自行研制的气溶胶飞行时间激光质谱仪(ATOFLMS)上实时探测单个悬浮土壤颗粒的粒径和化学成分。利用双束连续激光对单个粒子的空气动力学粒径进行测量,并用266 nm的Nd∶YAG激光器对气溶胶单粒子进行解吸附电离作用,产物离子通过飞行时间质谱仪的无场漂移区后完成单粒子化学成分的检测。本实验中使用了4个不同地区的土壤样本,在实验室内对分析的样本进行预处理和再悬浮,通过导管引入ATOFLMS进行测量,得到大量单粒子的粒径和质谱数据。发现在众多的单粒子的阳离子质谱中,金属成分以地壳元素(Fe, K, Al, Ca)为主,在其他阳离子质谱中包含了Mg和Na等。对悬浮土壤粒子的粒径进行实时检测的结果表明这些粒子多以粗粒子为主, 粒径主要集中在1～2 μm。实验结果表明该仪器在大气气溶胶环境监测及相关研究领域具有重要的实用价值。     

用短程飞行时间吸收谱对铯磁光阱中冷原子温度的测量

介绍采用短程飞行时间吸收谱测量铯原子磁光阱(MOT) 中冷原子温度的基本原理及实验实现.与通常的飞行时间方法不同，采用短程飞行时间吸收谱来测量MOT 中冷原子云的温度.在MOT 区域正下方若干毫米处入射一束圆柱状共振探测光束(实验中对于h=3mm，5mm，8mm的情况均作了研究)，释放冷原子云，在其膨胀和自由下落过程中穿过探测光束，即可由光电探测器测得飞行时间吸收谱，由此推得MOT中冷原子的温度. 关键词： 磁光阱 冷原子 飞行时间 短程飞行时间 铯原子     

基于模糊聚类算法的大气粒子激光电离质谱数据分析

实验室自行研制了一台大气气溶胶飞行时间激光质谱仪(ATOFLMS),它可以在线地对气溶胶单粒子进行物理和化学特性分析,利用双束连续激光对单个粒子的空气动力学粒径进行测量,并通过飞行时间完成单粒子化学成分的检测。该仪器在运行过程中将产生海量的实验数据,对这些数据的快速、自动处理并提取有价值的信息是整机系统的关键之一。文章介绍模糊聚类算法FCM(fuzzy c-means)在大气气溶胶单粒子聚类分析中的成功运用。利用该算法对连续24 h采集的室内空气气溶胶单粒子质谱数据进行了聚类分析,在得到的5个聚类结果中包含了无机的海盐粒子、矿物质粒子以及其他的三种二次气溶胶成分粒子类型。在对室内空气气溶胶粒子的粒径进行实时检测的结果表明室内可吸入颗粒物以细粒子为主,其中大于1 μm的粒子所占比重较小。小于1 μm的粒子均占95％以上, 在0.4～0.8 μm之间的粒子占据主要部分。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机回归的背景偏振光谱二向反射分布建模分析

详细分析了土壤背景偏振光谱二向反射分布函数与探测角及探测方位角之间关系.提出了基于最小二乘支持向量机回归的偏振光谱二向反射分布函数建模,将有限实验观测条件下测量得到的少数偏振光谱二向反射分布函数扩展到2π空间范围内任意入射及观测条件.通过模型结果和实验结果分析比较,表明该模型能很好地满足准确度要求.     

一种新型云粒子探测仪的研制及初步观测结果分析(英文)

云粒子探测仪效率高、结构简单,在人工影响天气的活动中起着重要的作用.本文提出一种使用单模光纤耦合输出的685nm激光作为光源的新型云粒子探测仪.该仪器利用小孔光阑切割激光光束,使用相对均匀的中央部分的光束照亮云滴,采用具有两个高速A/D转换芯片(10M/S)的嵌入式计算机来不断地获取和处理云滴粒子信号,将所有云滴的原始数据存储在嵌入式计算机的固态磁盘中进行云滴粒径分布计算,并将计算结果发送到机舱内主计算机中即时显示.实验中,使用固定尺寸的标准粒子对仪器进行标定,获得不同直径云滴粒子信号变化幅度,从而获取该探测仪对云滴粒子的响应曲线;将探头安装在飞机上进行了现场观测实验,结果表明这种探头具有云滴测量能力.     

空间外差干涉光谱仪仪器线型函数测量新方法研究

空间外差干涉光谱技术是近年发展起来的新型静态超分辨光谱分光技术, 仪器线型函数是其基本性能参数之一, 代表了仪器的光谱分辨能力, 需要精确表征。在分析仪器线型函数影响因素(切趾、有效视场角与离轴像元效应)以及测量方法与测量光源等特殊性要求基础上, 提出了一种可调波长单色面光源的全新测量方法, 并利用可调谐激光器与消散斑积分球等设备搭建了测量实验装置。在仪器线型函数测量实验中, 通过选取光谱范围内的典型谱段进行高光谱(0.1 nm步长)扫描, 经过干涉数据误差修正、光谱复原以及坐标归一化等数据处理过程, 获取了仪器线型函数的能量分布形式。此外, 利用全光谱范围内扫描的干涉数据, 得到仪器线型函数的全峰半宽随波长的变化规律曲线。最后, 将本方法获取的实测仪器线型函数与模拟光谱(LBL计算)进行卷积获取理论谱, 并与地基探测实验获取的实测大气CO2吸收光谱进行比对分析, 两者吻合一致, 验证了本方法获取的仪器线型函数具有较高的精度。     

采用短程飞行时间吸收谱测量冷原子温度时参数误差的影响

详细介绍了短程飞行时间吸收谱测量冷原子温度的基本模型和实验方法.在对铯原子磁光阱中冷原子温度测量的基础上,分析了初始时刻冷原子云中心到探测光束中心的垂直距离、冷原子云初始半径、探测光束半径三个参数的误差分别对于通过短程飞行时间吸收谱测量冷原子温度时所带来的影响,并比较了这些参数各自的影响程度. 关键词： 冷原子温度 飞行时间 短程飞行时间吸收谱     

基于Geant4的α粒子能谱模拟研究及软件设计实现

为进一步发展基于蒙特卡罗模拟方法的α粒子能谱探测参数优化技术,利用PyQt5设计一款调用蒙特卡罗模拟程序包Geant4进行α粒子能谱模拟研究的软件。一方面,建立了测量α粒子的钝化离子注入平面硅探测器（Passivated Implanted Planar Silicon）物理模型,根据实际α粒子测量条件对模拟的物理过程、模型材料及粒子源几何形状、成分等参数进行校正,结合PyQt5界面开发平台将粒子源参数、探测器参数修改等功能可视化。在多个探源距和不同真空压强条件下进行模拟实验,得到该模型的探测效率,并将获取的能量沉积成谱后,通过EMG-Landau响应函数模型展宽。另一方面,为验证该探测器模型的准确性,将模拟结果与实测结果的探测效率进行对比,实验结果表明,两者探测效率误差均在5%之内,且EMG-Landau响应函数模型展宽效果良好。本文研究结果验证了该Geant4模拟软件在α粒子能谱研究方面的可靠性,该软件可直观修改α粒子能谱测量条件,简化了模拟步骤,提高了模拟效率,为基于蒙特卡罗模拟方法的α粒子能谱探测参数优化技术提供了有力工具。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机回归的背景偏振光谱二向反射分布建模分析

详细分析了土壤背景偏振光谱二向反射分布函数与探测角及探测方位角之间关系.提出了基于最小二乘支持向量机回归的偏振光谱二向反射分布函数建模,将有限实验观测条件下测量得到的少数偏振光谱二向反射分布函数扩展到2π空间范围内任意入射及观测条件.通过模型结果和实验结果分析比较,表明该模型能很好地满足准确度要求.     

部分状粒子处理方法及其对云微物理参数测量的影响

作为云微物理过程测量的重要利器,机载云降水粒子成像仪在云降水物理与人工影响天气研究中具有重要的作用.从采样结果来看,机载云降水粒子成像仪所测粒子图像中含有大量的粒子图像仅是粒子的一部分而已,即部分状粒子.因其数量较多,对该类粒子所选处理方法不同,会引起测量结果的很大差异.本文介绍并分析了现有部分状粒子处理方法的优劣,通过对部分状粒子的再定义与粒子形状分类,提出了一个融合粒子形状识别技术、"粒径重构"和"中心在内"方法的新的部分状粒子处理方法;利用实测数据,对所提方法与现有方法进行了云微物理参量处理结果的对比,发现本文所提方法与"粒径重构"方法处理结果比较一致,能较好地克服"整体在内"与"中心在内"两种方法存在的缺陷;同时,在针柱状粒子占比较多情形下,本文所提方法要比"粒径重构"方法处理后的结果相对合理.因此本文所提方法对仪器所测粒子数据处理具有更好的适应性.     

Kinetic potential and barrier crossing: a model for warm cloud drizzle formation

The kinetic potential of nucleation theory is used to describe droplet growth processes in a cloud. Drizzle formation is identified as a statistical barrier-crossing phenomenon that transforms cloud droplets to drizzle size with a rate dependent on turbulent diffusion, droplet collection, and size distribution. Steady-state and transient drizzle rates are calculated for typical cloud conditions. We find drizzle more likely under transient conditions. The model quantifies an important indirect effect of aerosols on climate-drizzle suppression in clouds of higher droplet concentration.     

Spectral dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions and radar threshold reflectivity for drizzle

From first principles, we find that the radar threshold reflectivity between nonprecipitating clouds and precipitating clouds is strongly related to not only the cloud droplet number concentration but also the spectral dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions. The further investigation indicates that the threshold value is an increasing function of spectral dispersion and cloud droplet number concentration. These results may improve our understanding of the cloud-precipitation interaction and the aerosol indirect effect.     

Multi-nozzle electrospray system for gas cleaning processes

A multi-nozzle electrospray system was developed as a charged droplet source for cleaning a gas contaminated with fine particles. The efficiency of removal of fine particles from the gas can be significantly increased, as compared to uncharged sprays, when the droplets are electrically charged. In the presented experiments, the spray of the droplets of size lower than 100 μm was charged either positively or negatively. Cigarette smoke was used as a source of submicrometer particles. The suppression of the particle concentration was determined after different time intervals of spraying of water. Further improvement in gas cleaning was obtained after charging the smoke particles using a specially designed corona charger. The efficiency of the cleaning process was similar to that obtained for droplets generated by mechanical atomisers with induction charging, but the electrospraying allowed decreasing the water consumption up to about three times.     

Formation of the electron-hole droplet cloud in germanium

We describe luminescence imaging experiments that probe the nature of the phonon wind which transports electron-hole droplets in Ge. The participation of non-equilibrium phonons emanating near the excitation region is supported by: (a) sharp features in the droplet spatial distribution (b) a dependence of the average cloud density on the excitation photon energy, and (c) a rapid initial buildup of the cloud.     

Monitor for detecting and assessing exposure to airborne nanoparticles

An important safety aspect of the workplace environment concerns the severity of its air pollution with nanoparticles (NP; <100 nm) and ultrafine particles (UFP; <300 nm). Depending on their size and chemical nature, exposure to these particles through inhalation can be hazardous because of their intrinsic ability to deposit in the deep lung regions and the possibility to subsequently pass into the blood stream. Recommended safety measures in the nanomaterials industry are pragmatic, aiming at exposure minimization in general, and advocating continuous control by monitoring both the workplace air pollution level and the personal exposure to airborne NPs. This article describes the design and operation of the Aerasense NP monitor that enables intelligence gathering in particular with respect to airborne particles in the 10–300 nm size range. The NP monitor provides real time information about their number concentration, average size, and surface areas per unit volume of inhaled air that deposit in the various compartments of the respiratory tract. The monitor’s functionality relies on electrical charging of airborne particles and subsequent measurements of the total particle charge concentration under various conditions. Information obtained with the NP monitor in a typical workplace environment has been compared with simultaneously recorded data from a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) capable of measuring the particle size distribution in the 11–1086 nm size range. When the toxicological properties of the engineered and/or released particles in the workplace are known, personal exposure monitoring allows a risk assessment to be made for a worker during each workday, when the workplace-produced particles can be distinguished from other (ambient) particles.     

Lidar Multiple Scattering in Water Droplet Clouds: Toward an Improved Treatment

Although it has long been recognized that the effects of photon multiple scattering generally need to be accounted for in the analysis of lidar cloud returns, this is a difficult problem and current approaches are still rudimentary. The multiple scattering process is controlled by the size of the lidar beamwidth and the distance to the cloud, which jointly determine the lidar footprint, but cloud microphysical content (i.e., particle size, concentration, and shape) exerts a strong influence on the range distribution and depolarization of the returned energy. Since clouds are inherently inhomogeneous with height, it is our premise that vertically homogeneous cloud simulations based on idealized particle size distributions lead to misleading results. We offer a more realistic approach based on the contents of growing water droplet clouds predicted by a sophisticated adiabatic cloud model, which are offered for use as new standard vertically-inhomogeneous cloud models. Lidar returned signal and depolarization profiles derived from our analytical double-scattering method are given for inter-comparison purposes.Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Multiple Scattering Lidar/Light Experiments (MUSCLE7), July 21–23 1994, Chiba, Japan.     

基于TDLAS技术的云水含量检测系统

针对传统云水含量传感器体积大,功耗大等问题,本文基于可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱技术,研制了一种云水含量检测系统.采用1 368.6nm分布式反馈半导体激光器作为检测光源,设计了基于TLC7528芯片的正交锁相放大器,提高了测量的稳定性和抑制噪声的能力;单板实现了激光器驱动、谐波信号处理、浓度反演功能.系统在不同浓度,不同温度下进行在线检测,实验结果表明,系统响应时间为10s左右,水含量在0~16g/m3范围内误差小于5%,在-55^+60℃条件下可正常工作.该系统体积小,检测精度高,响应速度快,性能不受温度影响,很好地满足了机载云层探测需要.     

Rapid concentration of particle and bioparticle suspension based on surface acoustic wave

A method of rapid particle concentration in a droplet has been developed using surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology. A droplet was partially placed on a surface acoustic wave propagation path, and particles were concentrated at the center of the droplet due to the asymmetry. The device consists of two IDTs and two reflectors. The one IDT is used for generating SAW and the opposite IDT is used for detecting output voltage signal amplitude, and then for calculating acoustic power density of a droplet. To investigate concentration effect of the device, starch suspension and rabbit blood cells were used in this paper. Different acoustic power density was applied ranging from 6.13 mw mm⁻² to 210.9 mw mm⁻². The concentration process occurs within 15 s under appropriate acoustic power density put on the droplet, which is much faster than currently available particle concentration mechanisms, and the method is also efficient, which concentrating the particles into an aggregate about one-fifth the size of the original droplet. Additional, the concentration process is no damage to bioparticles. This concentration method can improve greatly SAW biosensor system sensitivity.     

Vertical profiles of aerodynamic size distribution for airborne particles over Yangtze River Delta

Based on the aircraft observations in the summer of 2003, we have studied the aerodynamic size distributions of airborne particles at altitudes ranging from 400 m to 2800 m over the central and southern areas of Jiangsu province located in Yangtse River Delta of China. The sizes of airborne particles are measured to be in a range of 0.47- 30 μm with 57 channels, and their number concentrations, surface area concentrations and mass concentrations are also measured. The results show that the concentrations of airborne particles are very low above an altitude of 2000 m and the size distributions present a specific multi-peak mode by using insufficient samples. Below 1000 m, however, the concentrations of particles increase obviously, and their size distribution is similar to that at the ground level. The study also indicates that the concentrations, size distributions and median diameters of airborne particles above and below the boundary layer are very different, displaying different pollution features. Meanwhile, the results also show that the pollution level of airborne particles has a descending tendency with altitude increasing.