HL-1M装置高气压超声分子束加料效果

超声分子束注入作为一种新的托卡马克加料方法,已成功地开发和应用于环流器新一号(HL1M)和超导托卡马克HT7.近期开展的高气压超声分子束注入实验,在束流中发现了团簇流,其注入等离子体深度超过17cm.电子密度上升率接近于小型冰弹丸加料.多脉冲超声分子束注入形成电子密度阶梯形上升,类似于多弹丸加料效果,电子温度剖面呈中空分布.描述了在HL1M装置同一次欧姆放电等离子体中超声分子束与冰弹丸加料效果的实验比较. 关键词： 超声分子束 托卡马克 团簇 加料     

超声分子束在HL-1M托卡马克等离子体中的消融和穿透

讨论并研究了超声分子束在托卡马克等离子体中的消融和穿透问题，其中包括了分子束的绝热膨胀，团簇的形成和解离，束的静电屏蔽效应和冷通道效应.研究结果表明，在考虑了这些效应以后数值得到的结果与实验结果相近.这些研究对于更好地理解超声分子束与等离子体的相互作用和优化设计加料系统有一定作用. 关键词： 超声分子束 加料 托卡马克等离子体 消融和穿透     

托卡马克超声分子束加料

中国环流器新一号（托卡马克）装置采用新的等离子体加料方法———超声分子束注入．由于粒子注入深化,形成电子密度的峰化和密度极限提高．欧姆加热等离子体的能量约束时间的线性范围增长到ｎｅ＝４×１０１９ｍ－３．实验结果表明,超声分子束注入是一种高效和有利改善约束的气体加料方法．     

中国环流器二号A(HL-2A)超声分子束注入最新结果

HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热时,氘脉冲超声分子束穿越分界面,等离子体各项重要参数,包括等离子体储能、极向比压、中平面线平均密度、中心密度和温度上升,中子产额急剧增加. 超声分子束注入有可能较常规脉冲送气在台基顶部提供较强的粒子源,被认为是可供ITER替换脉冲送气的加料方法之一. HL-2A装置氢超声分子束注入的平均速度约为1.7km,与溢流(分子流)注入真空的速度测量作了比较. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 托卡马克 飞行时间法 加料     

HL—1M多脉冲分子束注入的CCD摄像

HL－1M装置实现了一种新的气体加料改善约束的方法－分子束注入（用多脉冲高速分子束注入加料）。多脉冲分子束注入加料可以控制等离子体密度分布、改善约束性能和提高密度极限。HL－1M托卡马克的多脉冲分子束注入得到了高的加料效率、改进了能量约束并维持了较高的密度峰化截面。分子束加料τE的改善和Qn 值的增加可与HL－１M装置的小弹丸注入和ASDEX的小弹丸注入结果相比拟。脉冲高速分子束是由高压氢分子气体通过拉瓦尔（Laval)喷口形成的。在实验中CCD相机可以用于研究分子束与离子体相互作用的许多复杂物理现象,用它拍摄分子束在等离子体中的辐射云照片是研究分子束辐射过程极其有效的手段。     

HL-2A托卡马克超声分子束注入深度和加料效果研究

超声分子束注入深度与加料效率是分子束加料研究中的基本课题.在近期开展的超声分子束注入实验中，发现分子束注入深度与等离子体电子温度和密度、分子束源的气压和温度有直接关系，获得了分子束注入深度的定标律.在低温气体源(液氮冷却)的分子束注入实验中，发现分子束流中形成了团簇，其注入深度超过30 cm，分析了在低温气源分子束注入实验中的团簇现象. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 注入深度 加料效率 团簇     

强场和弱场侧超声分子束注入对加料的影响

报道了HL-2A装置最新的实验结果,讨论并研究了超声分子束的注入位置对分子束在等离子体中的消融和穿透的影响,其中包括电离后的分子束粒子在磁场梯度作用和 E × B 漂移下的加速或减速及由此形成的冷通道效应.研究结果表明,磁场梯度和 E × B 漂移对于超声分子束的加料效果、消融和穿透有着重要的作用.强场侧注入可使电离后的电子和离子更深地进入等离子体芯部.这些研究对于更好地理解超声分子束与等离子体的相互作用和优化设计加料系统有一定作用.     

分子束注入期间的冷脉冲传播现象

分子束注入（MBI）是一种新的托卡马克加料方法，其已成功地在HL-1M装置上开发，并应用于HL-2A装置。分子束注入在改善等离子体约束性能方面具有很多优点，如形成密度峰化，提高能量约束时间等。在过去的分子束注入实验中，发现了一些很有物理意义的现象。但是到目前为止，分子束注入的机制还不是很清楚。     

用CCD相机拍摄SMB在等离子体中Hα线辐射图像

目前托卡马克有四种加料方式，分别是：（1）弹丸注入；（2）补充送气；（3）中性束注入和（4）超声分子束（SMB）注入。其中，第4种方法是核西物院率先提出的。     

HL—1M托卡马克脉冲超声分子束注入等离子体及杂质特性研究

文内叙述了在ＨＬ－１Ｍ托卡马克脉冲分子束注入实验中观测到的等离子体和杂质行为。分子束注入减小了杂质辐射,有效地提高了电子密度,改善了等离子体的约束性能。     

The first results of divertor discharge and supersonic molecular beam injection on the HL-2A tokamak

HL-2A tokamak is the first tokamak with divertors in China. The plasma boundary and the position of the striking point on the target plates of the HL-2A closed divertor were simulated by the current filament code and they were in agreement with the diagnostic results in the divertor. Supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) system was first installed and tested on the HL-2A tokamak in 2004. In the present experiment low pressure SMBI fuelling on the HL-2A closed divertor was carried out. The experimental results indicate that the divertor was operated in the `linear regime' and during the period of SMB pulse injection into the HL-2A plasma the power density convected at the target plate surfaces was 0.4 times of that before or after the beam injection. It is a useful fuelling method for decreasing the heat load on the neutralizer plates of the divertor.     

A relation between the normalized theraml energy and the safety factor for tokamaks

Summary It is shown that, within the framework of the extended neoclassical theory, for a tokamak there exists a relationship between the normalized thermalenergy content, β, and the normalized plasma current, 1/q. This relationship, which depends essentially only on plasma fuelling, is a generalization of the usual Bennett relation and it is of importance for tokamak confinement and heating.     

超声分子束注入密度和宽度对托克马克装置加料深度的影响

基于HL-2A托卡马克装置的真实磁场位形,应用大型边缘等离子体湍流模拟程序BOUT++中的子程序模块trans-neut对不同的超声分子束注入(SMBI)密度和宽度进行模拟.在SMBI过程中,保持单位时间内分子注入个数和注入速度恒定,在恒定通量情况下,通过调整注入分子束密度和宽度来研究SMBI注入深度的变化.研究结果表明:在注入密度较小、注入宽度较大时,SMBI的注入深度更深,分子和原子的分解率和电离率的时空区域较宽.分子分解局域化会抑制全局分解率的增长,而分解局域化又会引发局域分解率的加速增长,进而促进全局分解率的增长,促进效果占优导致在注入速度一定的情况下,恒定通量的分子注入发散角越小,分子注入深度越浅.     

Radial transport dynamics studies of SMBI with a newly developed TPSMBI code

In tokamak plasma fueling, supersonic molecule beam injection(SMBI) with a higher fueling efficiency and a deeper penetration depth than the traditional gas puffing method has been developed and widely applied to many tokamak devices.It is crucial to study the transport dynamics of SMBI to improve its fueling efficiency, especially in the high confinement regime. A new one-dimensional(1D) code of TPSMBI has also been developed recently based on a six-field SMBI model in cylindrical coordinate. It couples plasma density and heat radial transport equations together with neutral density transport equations for both molecules and atoms and momentum radial transport equations for molecules. The dominant particle collisional interactions between plasmas and neutrals, such as molecule dissociation, atom ionization and charge-exchange effects, are included in the model. The code is verified to be correct with analytical solutions and also benchmarked well with the trans-neut module of BOUT++ code. Time-dependent radial transport dynamics and mean profile evolution are studied during SMBI with the TPSMBI code in both slab and cylindrical coordinates. Along the SMBI path, plasma density increases due to particle fuelling, while plasma temperature decreases due to heat cooling. Being different from slab coordinate, the curvature effect leads to larger front densities of molecule and atom during SMBI in cylindrical coordinate simulation.     

Tokamak Experiment and Tokamak Engineering——Development of the Plasma Diagnostics on HL-2A Tokamak

The main mission the HL-2A tokamak is of the experiments on to explore the divertor physics and to investigate the plasma confinement, transport and instabilities with high power auxiliary heating and advanced fuelling, it is necessary to develop more new diagnostics and increase the spatial and temporal resolutions of the measurements for exist system. Up to now, about 30 diagnostic systems have been moved from HL-1M to HL-2A tokamak. Other 10 diagnostic systems are being designed and installed on the device. In developed in last 2 years, will be presented.     

HL-1M装置弹丸和分子束加料的粒子输运研究

研究了IL-1M装置上弹丸和分子束加料的粒子输运。在研究粒子输运时拟合了粒子源分布,利用调制送气模型研究了分子束送气时的粒子输运。由弹丸注入后较长时间内密度的自然衰减研究了粒子输运,给出了一种简单的研究弹丸注入后粒子输运的方法。计算表明,分子束和弹丸注入改善了等离子体的粒子输运特性。将计算结果与实验测量进行了比较。     

Interaction of supersonic molecular beam with low-temperature plasma

The interaction between the supersonic molecular beam(SMB) and the low-temperature plasma is a critical issue for the diagnosis and fueling in the Tokamak device. In this work, the interaction process between the argon SMB and the argon plasma is studied by a high-speed camera based on the Linear Experimental Advanced Device(LEAD) in Southwestern Institute of Physics, China. It is found that the high-density SMB can extinct the plasma temporarily and change the distribution of the plasma density significantly, while the low-density SMB can hardly affect the distribution of plasma density. This can be used as an effective diagnostic technique to study the evolution of plasma density in the interaction between the SMB and plasma. Moreover, the related simulation based on this experiment is carried out to better understand the evolution of electron density and ion density in the interaction. The simulation results can be used to analyze and explain the experimental results well.     

CCD在弹丸消融观测的应用

 描述CCD器件在HL-1M多发弹丸加料实验中观测短暂消融云的应用结果,并介绍一种有特色的触发方式 用弹丸自身辐射的氢a 射线启动相机。实验证明：这种安排能取得大量照片,CCD成功地应用于弹丸消融过程观测, 图片处理分析后获得消融云形状、结构和辐射强度分布等。可以相信CCD诊断方法不但加深了弹丸加料的认识,也会促进军事工程相关瞬态高速过程的研究。