四同芳香性转烯及其羰基硼衍生物

运用G03W程序, 在高精度理论水平(B3P86/6-311＋G**)下, 对母体转烯(Hypostrophene)及其BCO衍生物的单态、三态、开壳层单态的Cope重排体系进行了理论研究: 对体系进行了相应的结构优化和频率计算, 并进一步计算了体系的重排势垒、反应能量、核独立化学位移值等理论参数. 文中首次提出具有四同芳香性的实例: 转烯的Cope重排过渡态. 计算同时表明BCO取代CH的行为使得进行Cope重排的反应物和过渡态的离域性、芳香性以及稳定性都得到很大的促进, 这可以从前线轨道的成键以及延伸方面得到合理的解释. 所得结果进一步验证了BCO基团的稳定性效应.     

不同氟取代基对苝酰亚胺电子迁移率的影响

利用空间电荷限制电流(SCLC)法测试了二种氟代苝酰亚胺的电子迁移率, 一种是N,N'-二(五氟代苯基)-3,4,9,10-苝四羧基二酰亚胺(1), 另一种是N,N'-二(1,1-二氢十五氟代辛基)-3,4,9,10-苝四羧基二酰亚胺(2). 结果发现, 化合物2的电子迁移率要比1高1～2个数量级. UV-Vis, XRD, SEM和AFM等表征手段证明, 这一现象可以用不同的氟取代基导致不同的聚集态结构来解释: 对于化合物1而言, 苯环平面与苝环平面之间存在大的夹角, 破坏了苝酰亚胺分子的平面性, 再加上刚性的氟代苯环大的空间位阻作用, 化合物1分子无法依靠相邻苝环之间的重叠排列而结晶, 只能无序堆积形成非晶膜; 与之相反, 在化合物2分子中苝环上的端基是柔性的锯齿状氟代烷基链, 空间位阻小, 化合物2分子能通过相邻苝环之间相互接近而形成的π-π偶合作用而结晶, 因此有利于电子在苝酰亚胺分子间的跳跃传输.     

对苯二亚甲基联二高三蝶烯的合成

报道了一种从蒽酮出发制备对苯二亚甲基联二高三蝶烯的合成方法. 以蒽酮为原料, 经缩合、加氢还原以及Williamson烷基化反应得到一系列的联二蒽酮衍生物10e, 12f～12h. 受其10位取代基等因素的影响, 12f～12g在NaBH₄还原和酸催化条件下发生选择性的1,7-跨环脱水成环反应, 高产率地得到了联二高三蝶烯14f～14g. 在相同条件下, 10e和12h却发生了1,4-脱水和重排反应生成了联二蒽衍生物15i～15j, 而不是预期的螺环类联二高三蝶烯产物16i～16j. 另外, 在制备过程中还得到了一些结构新颖的副产物如蒽醇过氧化物5a～5c, 以及蒽醚酮类衍生物11a, 13a等.     

3-乙酰基-2,3/2,5-二氢-1,5-苯并硫氮杂卓的选择性合成及其互变异构

研究了温度、时间等因素对合成反应的影响, 发现亚胺型杂卓4和烯胺型杂卓5分别为速度控制产物和平衡控制产物, 并且实现了两种互变异构体的选择性合成. 用核磁共振法研究了溶剂、酸碱度对4, 5互变异构的影响, 发现两种异构体在CD₃OD, DMSO-d₆, C₆D₆以及精制的CDCl₃中比较稳定, 在未精制的CDCl₃中容易发生互变及开环反应, 形成3, 4, 5的平衡混合物, 并以4为主要组分. 4, 5在酸中不稳定, 但在弱碱(吡啶)中能稳定存在. 采用密度泛函理论方法在B3LYP/6-31G基组水平上对四组(八种)不同取代基的上述异构体进行了几何优化和计算. 结果表明, 烯胺型杂卓5比亚胺型杂卓4稳定, 理论计算结果与实验结果基本一致.     

Phainanoids的4,5-螺环骨架的合成探索

本工作报道了用铑（I）催化芳基化环化反应和芳香亲核取代反应为关键步骤,合成天然产物Phainanoids的4,5-螺环骨架的探索.从已知化合物1出发,经过结构修饰得到炔酮5,在铑（I）催化条件下,与苯硼酸发生芳基化环化反应,构建了多取代环丁烯6.随后经过羟基保护和臭氧解反应得到α-烷氧基环丁酮8,其与格氏试剂9发生加成反应得到环丁醇10.最后在碱性条件下发生芳香亲核取代反应,在酸性条件下脱除乙氧基甲基（ethoxymethyl,EOM）和缩酮保护基,得到了4,5-螺环骨架结构18.格氏试剂9与邻烷氧基环丁酮8未能按照Cram's chelation模型进行与天然产物Phainanoids中螺环手性中心一致的立体选择性加成.综合文献报道和相关实验,可能的原因是：邻烷氧基环丁酮8的相对刚性结构,增加了镁离子与羰基氧原子和邻位烷氧基螯合过渡态的能垒;以及格氏试剂9中的氟原子与镁离子发生分子内螯合,抑制了镁离子与羰基邻位的烷氧基的螯合作用.     

无膦钯催化Heck反应合成新型芳维A酸类化合物

考察了以二环己基胺作配体的无膦钯催化Heck反应条件, 建立起一种新型的无膦钯催化Heck反应体系. 应用该体系可高收率(72%～84%)、高立体选择性(83%～95%)合成二取代和三取代二苯烯类化合物. 以2,4,5-三甲氧基苯乙烯、α-细辛脑为原料, 合成了4个尚未见文献报道的新型二苯烯类芳维A酸甲酯(3a, 3b, 4a, 4b), 并且在温和的水解体系[LiOH, V(THF)∶V(H₂O)＝5∶1]下顺利得到了它们的水解产物芳维A酸(5a, 5b, 6a, 6b), 产物通过¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR和MS进行了结构确认.     

R2C＝GeH2和R2Ge＝CH2结构与成键特征的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT), 在B3LYP/6-31＋G(d, p)水平上研究了取代基对二取代锗烯R₂Ge＝CH₂和R₂C＝GeH₂ [R＝H, OH, NH₂, SH, PH₂, F, Cl, Br, (NHCH)₂, CH₃, (CH)₂]的影响. 研究发现π供电子取代基在碳上时更能引起分子结构在锗端的锥型化. 碳原子上的π电子给予取代基的给电子效应越强, R₂C的单-三态能量差越大, π电子的反极化效应就越强, 使得化合物的结构在锗端发生的弯曲越明显, 从而使得弯曲结构更稳定. 和前人的计算相比, 碳上的给电子取代基对GeH₂结构影响大于它对SiH₂的影响.     

N-(2,4-二硝基苯基)-N -取代苯腙衍生物对阴离子识别研究

合成了4种N-(2,4-二硝基苯基)-N -取代苯腙类阴离子结合受体(1～4, 取代基 R＝H, o-OCH₃, o-Cl, o-OH), 应用紫外吸收光谱方法研究了其与阴离子的相互作用, 以及考察N -苯环取代基对受体分子之阴离子亲合力和选择性的影响. 实验显示: 乙腈中F^－、CH₃CO 等阴离子使受体分子吸收光谱红移, 溶液由黄色转变为红色, 其中受体分子2对 F^－表现出高选择性的灵敏响应. 实验表明受体-阴离子间形成了氢键型超分子配合物, Job作图法给出了受体分子与阴离子的1∶1结合计量比, ¹H NMR滴定为受体分子与阴离子间的氢键作用本质提供了直接证据.     

硅烯及取代硅烯与饱和键插入反应的量子化学研究

用量子化学的密度泛函理论(DFT)在6-311G水平上对硅烯及其取代物与甲烷的C-H键进行插入反应的势能面进行了系统地研究。用IRC方法对过渡态进行了验证。并用组态混合模型讨论了反应势垒(△E^≠)和反应热(△H)与SiXY的单-三态激发能△Est的关系。我们发现,硅烯SiXY的△Est是控制反应的主要因素,取代基的电负性越大,取代基越多,π电子给予越强,SiXY的△Est就越大,插入反应的活化能就越大,放热就越小。     

胍基木吡喃糖苷的合成及其抗HIV蛋白酶活性

2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-b-D-木吡喃糖基异硫氰酸酯1与2-氨基-4/6-取代-苯并噻唑2a～2e反应, 生成糖基硫脲衍生物3a～3e, 再在伯胺存在下经氯化汞脱硫, 得到一系列新的胍基木吡喃糖苷类化合物4a～4e, 5a～5e, 6a～6e, 7a～7e, 所有新化合物的结构均经IR, ¹H NMR, MS谱和元素分析证实, 所得产物均为β-构型. 生物活性测试结果表明, 化合物4c, 5b, 6b～6d, 7b等对HIV-1蛋白酶表现出了较高的抑制活性.     

Donor-Acceptor-Substituted Cyclic π-Electron Systems—Probes for Theories and Building Blocks for New Materials

Donor and acceptor substituents stabilize (4n)π-electron systems and destabilize those with (4n+2)π electrons. The same is true for the transition states of pericyclic reactions, which explains the appearance of dipolar intermediates in symmetry-allowed cycloadditions and sigmatropic rearrangements. Donor-acceptor-substituted semibullvalenes undergo rapid Cope rearrangement, as do tetraazabarbaralanes. In contrast, tetraazasemibullvalenes can not be isolated, since the isomeric tetrazocines always result. The usefulness of the donor-acceptor concept in preparative chemistry is demonstrated by numerous stable cyclic (4n)π-electron systems, like donor-acceptor-substituted cyclobutadienes, tetraaminobenzene, and p-benzoquinone dications, benzodiazepinyl anions, and donor-acceptor-substituted cyclopentadienyl cations and their heteroatom-containing analogues. The new compounds are of interest in the fields of organic metals and ferromagnets, nonlinear optics, and dyestuffs, among others.     

Heavy-Atom Tunneling in Semibullvalenes: How Driving Force,Substituents, and Environment Influence the Tunneling Rates

The Cope rearrangement of selectively deuterated isotopomers of 1,5-dimethylsemibullvalene 2 a and 3,7-dicyano-1,5-dimethylsemibullvalene 2 b were studied in cryogenic matrices. In both semibullvalenes the Cope rearrangement is governed by heavy-atom tunneling. The driving force for the rearrangements is the small difference in the zero-point vibrational energies of the isotopomers. To evaluate the effect of the driving force on the tunneling probability in 2 a and 2 b , two different pairs of isotopomers were studied for each of the semibullvalenes. The reaction rates for the rearrangement of 2 b in cryogenic matrices were found to be smaller than the ones of 2 a under similar conditions, whereas differences in the driving force do not influence the rates. Small curvature tunneling (SCT) calculations suggest that the reduced tunneling rate of 2 b compared to that of 2 a results from a change in the shape of the potential energy barrier. The tunneling probability of the semibullvalenes strongly depends on the matrix environment; however, for 2 a in a qualitatively different way than for 2 b .     

Two π-Electrons Make the Difference: From BODIPY to BODIIM Switchable Fluorescent Dyes

(aza-)BODIPY dyes (boron dipyrromethene dyes) are well-established fluorophores due to their large quantum yields, stability, and diversity, which led to promising applications including imaging techniques, sensors, organic (opto)electronic materials, or biomedical applications. Although the control of the optical properties in (aza-)BODIPY dyes by peripheral functional groups is well studied, we herein present a novel approach to modify the 12 π-electron core of the dipyrromethene scaffold. The replacement of two carbon atoms in the β-position of a BODIPY dye by two nitrogen atoms afforded a 14 π-electron system, which was termed BODIIM (boron diimidazolylmethene) in systematic analogy to the BODIPY dyes. Remarkably, the BODIIM dye was obtained with a BH₂-rigidifying entity, which is currently elusive and highly sought after for the BODIPY dye class. DFT-Calculations confirm the [12+2] π-electron relationship between BODIPY and BODIIM and reveal a strong shape correlation between LUMO in the BODIPY and the HOMO of the BODIIM. The modification of the π-system leads to a dramatic shift of the optical properties, of which the fluorescent emission is most noteworthy and occurs at much larger Stokes shift, that is, ≈500 cm⁻¹ in BODIPY versus >4170 cm⁻¹ in BODIIM system in all solvents investigated. Nucleophilic reactivity was found at the meso-carbon atom in the formation of stable borane adducts with a significant shift of the fluorescent emission, and this behavior contrasts the reactivity of conventional BODIPY systems. In addition, the reverse decomplexation of the borane adducts was demonstrated in reactions with a representative N-heterocyclic carbene to retain the strongly fluorescent BODIIM compound, which suggests applications as fully reversible fluorescent switch.     

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy—VII:para-substituted fluorobenzenes

C-13 and F-19 NMR spectra of seventeen para-substituted fluorobenzenes were measured and the chemical shifts as well as coupling constants with respect to substituents were analysed. The chemical shifts of the fluorine, the C₁ and the C₂ atoms were found to depend on the total electron densities. In the case of the C₃ atom, the chemical shifts seem to depend on π-electron densities rather than the total electron densities. The present calculations also indicate that the chemical shift of the C₄ atom depends mainly on σ-electron densities due to the inductive effects of substituents. The strongest factor influencing the coupling constant, ⁿJ(C? F), is also considered to be the π-electron densities on the carbon atoms. In the case of the direct couplings, ¹J(C? F), the π-bond orders are important.     

Theoretical studies on the diazacyclopentadienylidenes: An analysis of aromatic versus nonaromatic systems and singlet versus triplet reactivity

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on the various electronic states of 2,3- ( 6 ), 2,4- ( 7 ), 2,5- ( 8 ), and 3,4-diazacyclopentadienylidene ( 9 ) at the fully geometry optimized 6–31G* level, with single point calculations being carried out at the MP2/6–31G* level. The calculated geometries are interpreted in terms of the degree of occupancy and the nature of the π and σ-nonbonded MO's. At the 6–31G* level the five π-electron, π,σ-triplet states were calculated to be considerably lower in energy. At the MP2/6–31G* level, however, with 7 the six π-electron singlet state is calculated to lie only slightly above the five π-electron triplet (0.4 kcal mole⁻¹), whereas with 8 and 9 the aromatic six π-electron singlet states are calculated to be lower in energy (9.0 and 8.1 kcal mole⁻¹). With 3 and 9 the aromatic six π-electron σ-triplet states lie only 3.6 and 5.5 kcal mole⁻¹ above the lowest energy states. It is concluded that, in general, the energy gained by having an electron in a lower energy σ-type MO instead of a higher energy π MO effectively offsets the energy gained by having an aromatic π system. The results are discussed in terms of the observed chemistry of 6–9 and their substituted systems.     

Dynamical screening by Σ-electrons in π-electron transitions: Treatment in the equations-of-motion method

Dynamical screening in π-electron systems is studied by the equations of motion method. By using a partitioning technique on the equations of motion we can obtain simple expressions for the effect of dynamical screening directly on the transition energies and transition moments in π-electron systems. These results are used to study the effect of such screening in the N → V transition in ethylene. This procedure can be used to extend the equations-of-motion method to larger π-electron systems.     

Acetolysis of 4-endo-diazoacetyl-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexene: a new synthesis of semibullvalene. Preliminary communication

Acetolysis of diazoketone 1 gives in good yield 6-acetoxy-tricyclo[3.3.0.0^2,8]octan-3-one ( 2 ) which is converted into semibullvalene in a three-step sequence. Compound 2 is potentially a good starting material for 3,6-substituted semibullvalenes.     

Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted Allylic Fluorides

Although there are many methods for the asymmetric synthesis of monosubstituted allylic fluorides, construction of enantioenriched 1,2-disubstituted allylic fluorides has not been reported. To address this gap, we report an enantioselective synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted allylic fluorides using chiral diene-ligated rhodium catalyst, Et₃N ⋅ 3HF as a source of fluoride, and Morita Baylis Hillman (MBH) trichloroacetimidates. Kinetic studies show that one enantiomer of racemic MBH substrate reacts faster than the other. Computational studies reveal that both syn and anti π-allyl complexes are formed upon ionization of allylic substrate, and the syn complexes are slightly energetically favorable. This is in contrast to our previous observation for formation of monosubstituted π-allyl intermediates, in which the syn π-allyl conformation is strongly preferred. In addition, the presence of an electron-withdrawing group at C2 position of racemic MBH substrate renders 1,2-disubstituted π-allyl intermediate formation endergonic and reversible. To compare, formation of monosubstituted π-allyl intermediates was exergonic and irreversible. DFT calculations and kinetic studies support a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation process wherein the rate of isomerization of the 1,2-disubstituted π-allylrhodium complexes is faster than that of fluoride addition onto the more reactive intermediate. The 1,2-disubstituted allylic fluorides were obtained in good yields, enantioselectivity, and branched selectivity.     

NBO and NICS analysis of the allylic rearrangements (the Cope and 3-aza-Cope rearrangements) of hexa-1,5-diene and N-vinylprop-2-en-1-amine: A DFT study

In this work, ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on the 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangements of hexa-1,5-diene (Cope) and N-vinylprop-2-en-1-amine (3-aza-Cope) in the gas phase. The barrier heights and heats of reactions calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory were in good agreement with experimental data. Transition states optimized with B3LYP/6-311G** theory were used for calculating the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) and, a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was also performed at the same level of theory. Our results indicate that the aromaticities of the transition states are controlled by the out-of-plane component and that the chair-like transition state of the Cope rearrangement exhibits the strongest aromatic character. Analysis of donor-acceptor (bonding and anti-bonding) interactions of σ_3–4 → π*_1–2 suggests that the TS structure in the hexa-1,5-diene reaction (the Cope rearrangement) has more aromatic character than the N-vinylprop-2-en-1-amine reaction (the 3-aza-Cope rearrangement). The NBO results show that in the hexa-1,5-diene and N-vinylprop-2-en-1-amine rearrangements, activation energies are controlled by σ_3–4 → π*_1–2 and σ_3–4 → π*_1–2 resonance energies.      

Synthesis and characterization of an amethyrin-uranyl complex displaying aromatic character

Abstract

The reaction between amethyrin and non-aqueous uranyl silylamide (UO₂[N(SiMe₃)₂]₂) under anaerobic conditions affords a bench-stable uranyl complex. UV–vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, as well as proton NMR spectroscopic analyses provide support for the conclusion that all six pyrrole subunits participate in coordination of the uranyl dication and that, upon complexation, the amethyrin-core undergoes a 2-electron oxidation to yield a formal 22 π-electron aromatic species.