近红外光谱技术(NIRS)在反刍动物营养研究中的应用现状

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)分析样品时以其方便、快捷和准确等诸多优点在动物营养研究中得到了广泛的应用。用NIRS技术预测家畜日粮中有机物消化率时所产生的标准偏差(SECV)在1.6%～2.8%之间,而预测干物质的消化率时所产生的SECV在1.6%～3.5%之间。NIRS能够准确地预测饲料中的化学成分和生物学组分以及反刍家畜十二指肠微生物蛋白的流量,但对于预测饲料在瘤胃降解率的动态特性时与实际相差很大。NIRS技术预测舍饲家畜采食量与体内法得到的结果相似,但在预测放牧家畜采食量时其预测误差为14%左右。上述结果表明,NIRS技术在预测反刍家畜消化代谢、日粮营养评价、采食量等方面已取得了很大的进展,并在反刍动物营养研究领域中有着广阔的应用空间。     

动物粪便近红外光谱的应用潜力

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)以其低成本、高效、环保、无损的优势在日粮和畜产品品质分析中得到广泛应用。饲料品质参数(如粗蛋白)的获取对于日粮营养的合理搭配不可或缺,传统的近红外光谱技术将日粮的近红外光谱与日粮品质参数的化学测定值进行回归,建立预测模型对日粮品质参数进行检测。然而,在放牧条件下日粮近红外光谱的难以获取限制了这一传统建模方法在动物营养中的应用。作为动物代谢性产物,动物粪便不仅包含有日粮信息也携带有动物自身信息。近年来,基于动物粪便近红外光谱和日粮信息(日粮植物学成分、化学成分及其消化率)建立的回归模型,也已被用于动物日粮信息的检测。简要介绍F.NIRS在动物性别、品种鉴定及繁殖和寄生虫感染状态检测中的应用。NIRS在动物粪肥分析中的应用结果表明NIRS能够对粪肥中主要成分含量进行快速分析。尽管F.NIRS预测准确性有待提高,但已显示出其作为快速、有效的分析工具用于检测日粮品质参数及动物生理状态的潜力。相关的英文评述性文章业已出版,但在中国F.NIRS的研究和应用非常欠缺。期望本文的呈现有助于F.NIRS在国内的发展。推荐将NIRS作为快速分析工具用于对粪肥主要成分(DM,OM,TS,VS,TN,TKN和NH₃-N)含量进行检测。     

近红外光谱分析原理及其在牧草航天育种的应用前景

近红外光谱(NIRS)的定量分析技术是一项高效、快捷检测样品中某种化学成分的分析新方法,近年来在饲料营养价值评估、土壤养分检测等方面得到了广泛的应用。文章简要介绍了NIRS技术产生和探测的基本原理、方法和技术特点,回顾了航天育种的研究进展及其在草类植物上的应用情况,然后从牧草营养成分分析、次生代谢产物预测、病虫害抗性鉴定、非生物胁迫抗性评估4个方面阐述了NIRS分析技术应用于草类植物航天育种的意义和潜在价值。NIRS技术不仅能提高育种选择效率、加快育种进程,还有助于诱变机理研究的深入,将其应用于草类植物航天育种有着重要的理论和实际意义。     

新二维核磁共振谱在天然产物研究中的应用

二维核磁共振技术是天然产物研究方面的关键技术手段. 由于天然产物种类繁多、结构多样、构效关系极为复杂,如何合理高效使用二维核磁共振技术这一方法,对于化合物结构的准确分析尤为重要. 该文分析了目前常用的二维核磁共振谱的优缺点,重点对最近几年涌现的新的二维核磁共振谱：H2BC、新H2BC、HAT HMBC和HSQC-ADEQUATE及其在天然产物结构研究中的应用作了较为详细的介绍,以促进新二维技术在天然产物研究领域的有效应用.     

近红外光谱技术用于复杂植物样品中无机离子测定的新方法

植物样品中的无机离子以一定形式与具有近红外吸收的有机基团结合, 因而可以借助近红外光谱技术测定其含量。对烟草样品近红外光谱数据及其小波变换处理后的小波系数,采用偏最小二乘法预测其中钾离子的含量,建立了小波变换与近红外光谱技术结合用于复杂植物样品中无机离子测定的新方法。结果表明：近红外光谱数据压缩为原始大小的3.3%,基本上没有光谱信息的丢失; 基于小波系数的模型优于传统的全谱模型,对于无机离子的测定可以取得较为准确的预测结果。     

动物活体NMR技术在脑研究中的应用

近十余年来核磁共振技术在生物医学研究中的应用取得了巨大的进展。动物活体NMR技术得到了广泛的重视,已成为生理学、生物化学、药理学、和神经化学研究中的新的重要手段,该技术有如下几个特点:1.非损伤性,即对被测的活体动物的组织和细胞没有破坏性,可以对同一动物进行多次测定,2.可同时直接测定动物活体内数种化合物,不需解剖、匀浆、分离提取和生化分析等繁琐步骤,因此较为方便省时。3.可在正常生理状态下连续进行实时动态测定,有利于药物代谢动力学研究。4.可对同一动物测定给药前和给药后的NMR指标进行自身比较,减少统计学处理,节省实验动物数目.为药理研究和药效评估提供一种崭新的方法。本文就我国和国外最近几年有关动物活体高分辨NMR技术在脑研究中的应用情况进行综述。     

植物BRDF研究及应用进展

植物叶片是植物光合作用的重要器官,直接体现了植物生长及营养状况。植物叶片反射、透射的内部理化信息模型间接反映了植物生长过程中物质、能量交换信息,是植物生长过程精细化管理的前提和基础。植物叶片空间光学特性对基于遥感的作物营养状况诊断、虚拟植物光线传输模拟、计算机图形学场景渲染等领域具有重大意义。双向反射分布函数(BRDF)主要研究物体表面反射光的空间分布特性和光谱特性,通过对作物叶片光学特性的获取和测定,准确、高效地表征作物生长参数,并进行定量分析,在植被遥感、农业等领域的研究与应用中有着极大的优势。为了更好地把BRDF技术应用于农业遥感、数字农业等领域中,将针对BRDF测量装置、模型发展和分类及其在植物遥感检测中的应用等环节展开叙述。最后结合综述内容,分析了BRDF技术在农业遥感领域的局限,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

黄芪中黄酮类化合物色谱指纹图谱的光谱相关色谱分析

用色谱与光谱联用技术,将光谱信息与色谱信息相结合,对黄芪中黄酮类化合物进行光谱相关色谱方法分析,判断中药黄芪不同色谱指纹图谱中的相关性组分,进而表征和建立4个产地黄芪中黄酮类化合物特征色谱指纹图谱。该法能用于不同产地中药黄芪的真伪和优劣的鉴别,为以后黄芪活性化合物的定性、定量关系研究及质量控制提供基础。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定植物精油中的重金属元素

植物精油是从芳香植物提取的天然复杂化合物,作为芳香植物的次生代谢产物具有挥发性和浓郁香味,其特有的多样化生物活性广泛应用于医药和化妆品行业.植物精油具有高渗透性,能以活跃的分子态渗透皮肤组织,经淋巴腺吸收后进入血液,其所含的重金属元素也极易随植物精油进入人体对健康构成潜在威胁.采用硝酸-双氧水对植物精油进行微波消解,在...     

莽草酸途径中26种代谢物的NMR谱归属

莽草酸代谢途径广泛存在于植物、微生物与某些寄生虫中,是芳香氨基酸、植物激素与多种重要活性次生代谢物的主要合成通路.这些代谢物的系统核磁共振（NMR）研究尚不完备,且5-羟基吲哚乙酸与吲哚乳酸等代谢物的NMR数据归属尚不完整.本文对莽草酸代谢途径介导的26种代谢物（包括2种非芳香羧酸、2种植物激素、3种芳香类氨基酸、19种植物次生代谢物）结构进行了较为系统的NMR分析,对这些代谢物的¹H和¹³C NMR信号进行了归属,为植物化学及代谢组学研究提供了基础数据.     

Raman spectroscopic analysis of cataract lens: A compendious review

Age-related cataracts is a pressing health issue with the increase in elderly populations. This creates an imminent demand for the development of an early, noninvasive method of cataracts diagnosis. Early detection of cataracts will improve quality of life and may prevent morbidity associated with advanced cataracts and surgery. Raman spectrum of proteins provides characteristic information regarding molecular interactions of peptide residues. Hence Raman spectroscopy is a promising tool for the study of protein-related diseases, such as cataracts. We surveyed the literature to assess the use of Raman technology in the studies of human lens and animal models. These studies included analysis of amino acids (i.e., cysteine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, etc.) and secondary protein structures (i.e., α-helix and β-sheet) in various Raman profiles. Other studies used Raman spectroscopy to analyze and monitor the development of cataracts in lens. Technological advances in the instrumentation of laser Raman spectroscopy, including Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, and confocal Raman microspectroscopy have improved the performance of Raman spectroscopic analysis. How to take advantage of these developments and make it closer to reality using Raman spectroscopic methods to diagnose cataracts in a timely manner is a key challenge for the scientific community of Raman spectroscopy.     

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in herbal medicine

Raman spectroscopic techniques are a group of chemical fingerprint detection methods based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. They are compatible with aqueous solutions and are time saving, nondestructive, and highly informative. With complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) becoming increasingly popular, more people are consuming natural herbal medicines. Thus, chemical fingerprints of herbal medicines are investigated to determine the content of these products. In this study, I review the different types of Raman spectroscopic techniques used in fingerprinting herbal medicines, including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform (FT)–Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, and confocal/microscopic Raman spectroscopy. Lab-grade Raman spectroscopy instruments help detect the chemical components of herbal medicines effectively and accurately without the need for complicated separation and extraction procedures. In addition, portable Raman spectroscopy instruments could be used to monitor the health and safety compliance of herbal products in the consumer market.     

Spectroscopic Properties and Laser Induced Fluorescence Determination of Some Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

This work presents spectroscopic properties of some Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs), frequently found in food and in natural water. Studied molecules belong to the groups of phenolic and phthalate EDCs. In a first part, we have examined their absorption and fluorescence properties. Fluorescence emission wavelengths are about 300 nm for phenolic compounds and 360 nm for phtalate compounds; main excitation wavelengths being comprised between 210 nm and 230 nm. Fluorescence lifetimes measured are short (about 4 ns) and the fluorescence quantum yield has been determined. In a second part, to avoid the time consuming solvent extraction step, an analytical application to evaluate the performance of a direct analysis by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy of ECDs traces in tap water and in raw water is presented. Good detection limits have been obtained, i.e.: 0.35 μg.L⁻¹ of chlorophenol in tap water, which are always lower than the reported Predictive Non Efficient Concentration (PNEC).     

一种测定纸制品中可迁移性荧光增白剂含量的双波长紫外光谱方法

在现行GB/T 27741—2011的“可迁移性荧光增白剂的定量测定—紫外分光光度法”对纸制品进行萃取时,其中的残余木素会部分析出,对可迁移性荧光增白剂含量的光谱检测造成了干扰。据此,提出了一种双波长(305和348 nm)光谱的改进方法,旨在消除析出木素的干扰。它是基于可迁移性荧光增白剂在348 nm波长处有最大吸收,并且析出木素和荧光增白剂分别在波长305和348 nm的吸光度比值确定,因此可通过双波长光谱法扣除析出木素在348 nm处对荧光增白剂吸光度检测的干扰,从而实现对可迁移性荧光增白剂的准确定量检测。结果表明：双波长光谱法可有效地减少析出木素对可迁移性荧光增白剂吸光度检测的干扰,使定量检测的结果更为可观。方法的重复性检测的相对标准偏差为2.17%;定量检测限为16.9 mg·kg-1;回收率在98%～104%之间。与现行可迁移性荧光增白剂的定量测定的平行标准—液相色谱法相比,由于本方法具有简便、仪器及操作维护费用低等优点,因此更适合生产过程的产品质量控制和市售点对纸制品中可迁移性荧光增白剂含量的快速分析。     

Novel extraction,rapid assessment and bioavailability improvement of quercetin: A review

Quercetin (QUR) have got the attention of scientific society frequently due to their wide range of potential applications. QUR has been the focal point for research in various fields, especially in food development. But, the QUR is highly unstable and can be interrupted by using conventional assessment methods. Therefore, researchers are focusing on novel extraction and non-invasive tools for the non-destructive assessment of QUR. The current review elaborates the different novel extraction (ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction) and non-destructive assessment techniques (fluorescence spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) for the extraction and identification of QUR in agricultural products. The novel extraction approaches facilitate shorter extraction time, involve less organic solvent, and are environmentally friendly. While the non-destructive techniques are non-interruptive, label-free, reliable, accurate, and environmental friendly. The non-invasive spectroscopic and imaging methods are suitable for the sensitive detection of bioactive compounds than conventional techniques. QUR has potential therapeutic properties such as anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, antiallergic, antineoplastic agent, neuroprotector, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Besides, due to the low bioavailability of QUR innovative drug delivery strategies (QUR loaded gel, QUR polymeric micelle, QUR nanoparticles, glucan-QUR conjugate, and QUR loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsions) have been proposed to improve its bioavailability and providing novel therapeutic approaches.     

涡虫代谢物组成的核磁共振分析

作为扁形动物门的代表动物,涡虫因其特殊的演化地位和极强的再生能力,迅速成为实验动物学、细胞遗传学、发育生物学和再生生物学等研究中的理想模式生物. 众多与涡虫相关的研究都取得了突破性进展,而其在核磁共振和代谢组领域的相关科研报道却极为匮乏. 该研究使用甲醇水提取方法获得了涡虫身体提取物样品,同时利用高分辨的1 GHz NMR谱仪对该样品采集了¹H NMR谱图和5种2D NMR谱图（¹H-¹H COSY,¹H-¹H TOCSY,¹H-¹H J-RES,¹H-¹³C HSQC和¹H-¹³C HMBC）. 通过归属得到涡虫身体提取物里所含有的53种代谢物质,包括氨基酸、糖类、脂类、有机羧酸、酮体、胺类、胆碱类以及核苷酸等. 这些物质覆盖了多种代谢途径,为涡虫代谢组研究提供了基本的NMR相关信息.     

基于生物阻抗谱成像的生物组织检测方法

基于电阻抗成像技术和生物阻抗谱技术,提出一种面向生物组织检测的生物阻抗谱成像方法.该方法将目标区域可视化并精准识别目标种类,可用于肺癌早期检测,协助临床医生对早期肺癌进行精准检测,提高早期肺癌的治愈率.本文通过数值仿真的方法验证生物阻抗谱成像方法在肺癌早期检测中的可行性和有效性,仿真结果表明:1)生物阻抗谱成像方法可以实现早期肺癌区域的可视化,并精确判别出早期肺癌种类; 2)生物阻抗谱成像方法中阻抗谱的最佳采集模式是4次循环采集,最佳分类器是Linear-SVM, 5折交叉验证的平均分类准确率可以达到99.9%.为了验证仿真结果,本文选取3种具有不同电学特性的生物组织模拟癌变区域进行了检测.实验结果表明该方法可以对生物组织区域可视化,并判别出生物组织的种类.该方法可以兼顾电阻抗成像和生物阻抗谱方法的优点,有望用于肺癌早期检测.     

Sulfur speciation in two typical soil samples using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and chemical fractionation

Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and chemical sequential extraction was respectively used to study the speciation of sulfur in two sulfur-rich soils samples. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy analysis obtained a variety of spectra. Spectral fitting of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed great differences between these two sulfur-rich soil samples. It was found that both of the soil samples had high sulfur content (8.40 and 11.57?g?kg^?1, respectively). Chemical extraction results suggested that sulfur mainly existed as organic in the ancient paddy soil (7.37?g?kg^?1) and more reduced sulfur was identified in it. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy also got similar results. These organic forms of sulfur existed in organic matter across a range of oxidation states. There was high proportion of oxidized sulfur in the sulfuric acid plant that mainly existed as sulfate.     

Effect of solvent polarity on the Ultrasound Assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from habanero pepper leaves (Capsicum chinense) and its identification by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites involved in plant adaptation processes. The development of extraction procedures, quantification, and identification of this compounds in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) leaves can provide information about their accumulation and possible biological function. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of the UAE method and the polarity of different extraction solvents on the recovery of phenolic compounds from C. chinense leaves. Quantification of the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) by ABTS⁺ and DPPH radical inhibition methods, and the relation between the dielectric constant (ε) as polarity parameter of the solvents and TPC using Weibull and Gaussian distribution models was analyzed. The major phenolic compounds in C. chinense leaves extracts were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The highest recovery of TPC (24.39 ± 2.41 mg GAE g⁻¹ dry wt) was obtained using MeOH (50%) by UAE method. Correlations between TPC and AA of 0.89 and 0.91 were found for both radical inhibition methods (ABTS⁺ and DPPH). The Weibull and Gaussian models showed high regression values (0.93 to 0.95) suggesting that the highest phenolic compounds recovery is obtained using solvents with “ε” values between 35 and 52 by UAE. The major compounds were identified as N-caffeoyl putrescine, apigenin, luteolin and diosmetin derivatives. The models presented are proposed as a useful tool to predict the appropriate solvent composition for the extraction of phenolic compounds from C. chinense leaves by UAE based on the “ε” of the solvents for future metabolomic studies.