微波辅助离子液体中锌-铁共掺杂纳米TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

在[Bmim]PF_6离子液体介质中,用微波于燥的方法制备了锌-铁共掺杂纳米TiO_2(TiO_2-Zn-Fe)光催化剂;并以甲基橙为模拟污染物,紫外灯为光源,考察了离子液体加入量、锌-铁掺杂量、微波干燥功率、微波干燥时间、煅烧温度、煅烧时间等因素对TiO_2-Zn-Fe光催化活性的影响.结果表明,掺杂物质硝酸锌和硝酸铁与钛酸丁酯的物质的量比分别为n(Zn)/n(Ti)=0.25%和n(Fe)/n(Ti)=0.005%时,在家用微波炉中于210W功率下干燥17.5min,再在高温箱式电阻炉中于540℃下煅烧处理1.5h,得到的TiO_2-Zn-Fe光催化剂的活性明显优于单一掺杂的TiO_2-Zn或TiO_2-Fe以及未掺杂的纯TiO_2,在紫外光照60min及太阳光照3h条件下相应的甲基橙的降解率分别达99.8%和99.6%.     

VPO催化剂的制备及其表征

采用ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＤ等测试手段，考察了由四种不同方法和条件下制备的ＶＰＯ催化剂的比表面积和晶体结构。实验结果表明：还原剂、溶剂、Ｐ／Ｖ、干燥条件及焙烧温度都对ＶＰＯ催化剂的物理性质有影响。水相法制备，获较复杂的晶相，且随着焙烧温度的提高样品的比表面积减小，晶相强度增加。有机相法制备，可获得较单一、活性好的晶相，且焙烧温度提高对样品的比表面积影响不大，但超临界条件下干燥，可使催化剂比表面积成倍地增大     

沉积-沉淀-微波干燥法制备金属氧化物负载的金簇合物及其在CO氧化和 硫化物氧化反应中的催化性能

采用沉积-沉淀法再辅以微波干燥和焙烧制备了金属氧化物负载的金簇合物和小的金纳米粒子.干燥方法影响了金颗粒尺寸.在炉干燥过程中Au(III)因部分还原而致使Au聚集.相反,在微波干燥下,因快速和加热均一而使Au(III)得以保持,在Al2O3上负载的Au颗粒尺寸小至1.4 nm.该法可用于具有几种不同微波吸收效率的金属氧化物载体,如MnO2,Al2O3和TiO2.这些催化剂在低温CO氧化和硫化物选择有氧氧化反应中的催化活性比常规方法制备的更高.     

方形锐钛矿TiO2纳米晶的合成及表征

在不添加任何模板剂或形状控制剂的条件下,以TiCl₄为前体,经氨水沉淀、乙醇洗涤和超临界干燥(AS制备法)选择性地合成了方形锐钛矿TiO₂纳米单晶.热稳定性研究结果表明,当焙烧温度不超过650℃时,方形锐钛矿TiO₂纳米晶的表面积、孔容、晶粒/颗粒尺寸基本保持不变.XRD和拉曼光谱分析表明,方形锐钛矿TiO₂纳米晶在800℃下焙烧后仍能保持晶相不变,表现出很强的抗晶相转变能力.但在1000℃焙烧后,样品可以完全转变成金红石相TiO₂.     

过氧化氢生产用铂催化剂的制备及性能研究

用浸渍法制备了过氧化氢生产用蒽醌加氢负载型铂催化剂，考察了载体的预处理温度、不同氧化物载体、铝钛复合载体中TiO2的含量以及La、Ce助剂对催化剂性能的影响；用BET法测定了催化剂的表面积；采用H2-O2滴定法测定Pt的分散度，并在固定床反应器上考察了催化剂的性能。结果发现，用经1223K焙烧过的载体及在Al2O3载体中引入10％-20％TiO2，并引入一定量La、Ce助剂所制备的催化剂，具有良好的活性和稳定性，因而具有较好的工业应用前景。     

新型球形纳米空心SiO2的模板合成方法研究

以纳米碳酸钙颗粒为新颖的无机模板剂, 硅酸钠为无机硅源, 通过溶胶-凝胶法形成CaCO₃/SiO₂的核壳结构; 随后通过高温煅烧、酸溶和干燥处理, 合成出了具有高比表面积的球形纳米空心二氧化硅粒子. 然后, 分别采用TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR和TG等测试手段对样品进行了分析和表征, 并考察了不同合成条件, 如反应温度、反应pH值、煅烧温度和包覆反应时SiO₂/CaCO₃的配比对纳米空心二氧化硅粒子的比表面积变化. 实验结果表明: 较高的反应温度如60～80 ℃, pH值9左右、SiO₂包覆量为碳酸钙质量的10%, 以及煅烧温度为700 ℃, 有利于形成空心形貌较好、比表面较大的球形纳米空心二氧化硅.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrotalcite-like Compounds Containing V(3+) in the Layers and of Their Calcination Products

The synthesis and full characterization of a new hydrotalcite-like compound with the formula [Mg(0.71)V(0.29)(OH)(2)](CO(3))(0.145).0.72H(2)O and with V(3+) in the layers are described. The influence of hydrothermal treatment and drying rate on the crystallinity of the materials obtained is discussed. The evolution to mixed oxides upon calcination at different temperatures (448, 548, 773, 1023, and 1273 K) under different atmosphere environments (air or nitrogen) for 2 h has been studied. Characterization of the original layered materials and of the calcination products has been carried out by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, BET specific surface area determination, temperature-programmed reduction, and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XANES and EXAFS) have also been used to assess the local geometry of vanadium ions in the different compounds prepared. All experimental data agree with a well-crystallized hydrotalcite-like compound after thermal treatment, and also a minor effect of the drying rate on the crystallinity has been found. Thermal decomposition yields poorly crystalline layered compound at 448 K that undergoes transformation to mostly amorphous materials when calcined at 548-773 K, finally leading to a mixture of MgO and Mg(3)V(2)O(8), which has increasing crystallinity as the calcination temperature increases. XAS results indicate the presence of V(3+) ions in an octahedral coordination in the parent sample calcined at 448 K and tetrahedrally coordinated V(5+) species for samples calcined at higher temperatures, calcination giving rise to a better ordering of the second coordination sphere. Similar results were found when calcination was performed in nitrogen, although higher temperatures were needed to achieve the same result.     

La0.8Sr0.2FeMn1.5Al9.5O19-δ六铝酸盐气溶胶催化剂的催化性能

采用共沉淀-超临界干燥法制备了混合取代型La0.8Sr0.2FeMn1.5Al9.5O19-δ(LSFMAO)六铝酸盐气溶胶甲烷燃烧催化剂, 并采用XRD、BET、SEM、TPR等技术研究了超临界干燥和高温焙烧对材料结构和催化性能的影响. 超临界干燥处理的前驱物经1200 ℃焙烧后, 得到磁铅石型六铝酸盐气溶胶, 其具有较高的比表面积(16 m2·g-1)和甲烷燃烧活性; 然而高温(1300-1400 ℃)老化导致该六铝酸盐严重烧结, 比表面积和催化活性急剧下降. 研究结果表明, 对一定温度范围内(≤1200 ℃)焙烧的六铝酸盐催化剂, 超临界干燥法有助于改善其热稳定性和催化活性, 但高温(>1200 ℃)老化后, 催化剂的抗热烧结和催化性能主要由材料的组成和固有结构性质决定.     

XPS study of nickel deposited on USY zeolites

Nickel-deposited USY zeolite samples were prepared by a method of impregnation with a solution of nickel naphthenate in benzene followed by drying and calcination. The interaction between nickel and zeolite was investigated by XPS after calcination, steaming and hydrogen reduction.     

Direct modification with tungstophosphoric acid of mesoporous titania synthesized by urea-templated sol-gel reactions

A series of mesoporous titania materials modified with tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) were successfully synthesized by using urea as low-cost template via sol-gel reactions, followed by removing the urea by extraction with water. They were characterized by FT-IR, 31P MAS-NMR, XRD, DTA-TGA, DRS, TEM and BET. The samples presented mesopores with a diameter higher than 3.0 nm. The S(BET) of the solids decreases with the increase of the TPA content and with the increase of the calcination temperature. According to FT-IR and 31P MAS-NMR studies the main species present in the samples is [PW12O40]3- anions, which was partially transformed into [P2W21O71]6- and [PW11O39]7- anion during the synthesis and drying step. The XRD patterns of the modified samples only exhibited the characteristic peaks of anatase phase. The presence of TPA retarded the crystallization of the anatase phase and its transformation into rutile phase. The point of zero charge decreased in parallel with the increment of tungstophosphoric acid in the samples and with the increase of the calcination temperature. The band gap energy decreased as a result of the introduction of TPA into the TiO2 matrix, but remained practically constant with the increase of the calcination temperature.     

耐温高比表面氧化锡制备

对比了氨水或NaOH共沉淀和尿素水解均相沉淀三种不同的制备方法,以及NaOH沉淀不 同的老化条件下制备的SnO2粉体材料的比表面以及烧结特性.实验结果表明,减慢成核速度 及在母液中高温老化都有利于提高初始粒子的晶化程度和焙烧后样品的比表面.以NaOH共沉 淀,在100 ℃下回流老化48 h制备的SnO2具有最大的比表面和最好的烧结性能,在500、800 和1000 ℃焙烧后比表面分别为94、75和53 m2穏-1.初始粒子晶化程度的提高以及材料中 硬团聚的减小是改善SnO2烧结性能的主要原因.     

A morphological study of mullite long fiber prepared using polyvinyl butyral as spinning aids

Morphologies of aluminosilicate gel fiber and mullite long fiber prepared from spinning sol of Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, tetraethylorthosilicate and ethanol using polyvinyl butyral as a spinning aids have been studied experimentally. The weight loss of fibers as function of drying time and calcination temperature was summarized and the fiber morphologies at different temperature were also discussed. The results indicated that fiber sample lost the main weight at the first several minutes at 40°C. A main axial crack was observed due to the heat stress if gel fiber was not pre-dried before calcination. Accompanied by weight loss during heat treatment, “black” fibers were shown at the temperature range of 300–500°C and some attachment was observed among fiber surface attributed by the decomposition of organic materials. The actual elimination temperature of organic materials was different from our former heat analysis measurement result, and it could be explained by the pre-treating procedure and high heating rate of heat analysis. The morphological study of mullite fiber calcined at different temperature could help to understand and obtain the mullite fiber with smooth surface.     

焙烧温度及焙烧时间对异丁烯部分氧化合成甲基丙烯醛催化剂性能的影响

采用沉淀法制备了Mo-Bi-Co-Fe-Cs复合氧化物催化剂, 并用于异丁烯部分氧化制备甲基丙烯醛反应, 结合H_2-TPR、 XRD、 BET和TEM表征, 考察了焙烧温度以及焙烧时间对催化剂物理化学性质及催化性能的影响.研究结果表明, 随焙烧温度升高, 催化剂物相结构没有明显的改变, 而催化剂颗粒则逐渐增大, 氧化能力降低, 且组分之间的协同作用减弱;当焙烧温度提高到540 ℃时, 催化剂局部颗粒已出现烧结. 催化剂活性随焙烧温度提高逐渐下降, 而甲基丙烯醛选择性则在焙烧温度为520 ℃时达到最大值, 焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响可能因催化剂表面活性位密度不同所致.合适的焙烧温度为520 ℃, 焙烧时间为5 h, 此时异丁烯转化率为98.4%时, MAL选择性可达到87.2%, 具有较好的反应效果.     

Photoluminescence and photoactivity of titania particles prepared by the sol–gel technique: effect of calcination temperature

The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of anatase titania particles prepared by the sol–gel method were investigated and correlated to their photocatalytic behavior with respect to the change of calcination temperature. It was found that the photoluminescence intensity measured at 77 K was gradually increased by increasing the calcination temperature due to the reduction of the internal defects which are responsible for the radiationless recombination of photoexcited electron/hole pairs. Also, the calcination temperature was found to influence the maximum peak position (λ) of the photoluminescence spectra of titania. That is, a blue shift of the photoluminescence spectrum occurs as a consequence of the enlargement of the energy-gap between the lowest excited state and the ground state of titania as increasing the calcination temperature. The quenching behavior of the photoluminescence at 77 K was monitored by in situ supplying oxygen at 77 K in order to investigate what happened to the surface of titania by the calcination. The quenching intensity was monotonically increased with increasing the calcinations temperature. Based on the above results, we concluded that the calcination of titania at higher temperature produces more surface-active sites easily reacting with oxygen molecules as well as improving the crystallinity of anatase phase. Consequently, higher temperature heat treatment of anatase titania particles makes it possible to get higher photoactivity as long as no significant rutile phase is formed.     

煅烧工艺对熔盐法合成钛钾镁片晶的影响

钛酸镁钾具有优异的力学性能,被广泛用作各类高级轿车刹车片的摩擦材料。而材料的组成及形貌对刹车效果的影响很大,传统的合成工艺无法对其进行有效地控制。本文通过对煅烧工艺的优化,从而得到结晶度和形貌俱佳的钛酸镁钾片晶。以Mg(OH)_2、K_2CO_3和TiO_2为原料,加入KCl为熔盐,采用熔盐法合成钛酸钾镁片晶(KMTO)。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术手段研究了煅烧工艺(升温速率、煅烧温度、保温时间)对钛酸钾镁片晶组成及形貌的影响,并对其反应机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,不同的煅烧工艺对熔盐法合成钛酸镁钾片晶的组成及形貌产生了显著的影响,以200℃/h升温至800℃后,再以100℃/h升温至1000℃,保温2 h,通过水洗干燥,即可得到结晶度较高、形貌比较均匀的K_(0.8)Mg_(0.4)Ti_(1.6)O_4片晶。     

Synthesis and properties of alumina aerogels

The synthesis of alumina aerogels has been carried out by hydrolysis of aluminium isopropylate as an aerogel precursor dissolved in isopropanol or methanol, followed by gelation of the sols obtained and drying under supercritical conditions and calcination. The influence of two main preparation parameters, precursor concentration and reagents (water to aluminium isopropylate) mole ratio, on the physicochemical properties of aerogels was investigated.     

离子热处理合成氮缺陷石墨相氮化碳及其光解水制氢性能

以尿素和二氰二胺为原料热聚合得到石墨相氮化碳,分别采用直接二次煅烧和熔盐离子热后热处理在不同温度下对产物进行后热处理,得到氮缺陷氮化碳CN和CNS。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段对所制备样品进行表征和分析,探讨了不同热处理温度和加热方法对催化剂微观聚合结构的影响;同时以光解水制氢为测试方法,考察了催化剂的可见光催化性能。结果表明,熔盐离子热更有利于氮化碳的层间聚合,得到高结晶度材料;在面内七嗪聚合单元中引入氮缺陷,产生末端氰基,优化电荷密度分布,增强电荷流动性;克服粒子尺寸效应,扩展催化剂的光吸收范围;当后热处理温度为500℃时,制备的CNS-500表现出优异的光解水制氢活性,是同温度下直接热处理得到的催化剂的3.84倍。     

甲烷催化燃烧中制备参数对NiO/CuO-ZrO2催化剂高温反应性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶－超临界干燥的方法制备了NiO/CuO-ZrO2催化剂，分别考察了焙烧温度、活性组分含量对催化剂甲烷燃烧性能的影响，并利用XRD、物理吸附等手段考察了两个参数对催化剂性能影响的本质原因，发现NiO/CuO-ZrO2催化剂具有较高的催化活性，较好的高温（1 000 ℃）反应稳定性，焙烧温度对催化剂的影响很大，500 ℃是合适的焙烧温度，通过试验发现活性组分NiO为5 mol％时催化剂适于在相对较低的温度下使用，而NiO为15 mol％时，催化剂具有较好的高温稳定性。     

焙烧温度对ZnO粉体结晶及光学性能的影响

以草酸铵和醋酸锌为原料,采用直接沉淀法制备ZnO粉体,考察了焙烧温度对粉体结晶和光学性能的影响。 采用热重分析（TGA-DTA）、X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射（UV-Vis）、荧光分光光度计（FS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等方法对样品进行了分析。 结果表明,制备的前驱物为C2O4Zn·2H2O,最低焙烧温度400 ℃,随着焙烧温度的提高,粉体结晶度提高,一次粒径增大;600 ℃焙烧后有较强紫外发光峰,粉体由200 nm的粒子排列成层叠状;900 ℃焙烧后有较强可见发光峰,粉体粒子大于500 nm,团聚严重;粉体有较强的紫外吸收,吸收峰有蓝移。     

Pt-CeO2/SiO2催化剂用于室温湿空气中CO氧化反应

开发室温CO氧化催化剂的主要挑战是CO自中毒和慢的表面动力学,同时湿气的存在也可导致催化剂失活.本文开发了高活性CeO2促进的Pt基催化剂4%Pt-12%CeO2/SiO2,用于室温湿气(湿度10%?90%,25°C)中CO氧化反应,在低CO浓度(<500 ppm)和高CO浓度(>2500 ppm)时,CO转化率高于99%.优化了催化剂制备变量,如Pt和CeO2负载量、CeO2沉积方法、CeO2和Pt前驱体的干燥和焙烧条件.采用CO/H2化学吸附、O2-H2滴定、X射线衍射和BET比表面积测定表征了催化剂的表面特性,并将其与催化剂活性相关联.结果表明,CeO2沉积方法对催化剂活性影响显著,当用浸渍法沉积CeO2时,所得催化剂的反应速率(5.77μmol/g/s)比用沉积沉淀法(1.96μmol g?1 s?1)或CeO2嫁接法(1.31μmol g?1 s?1)制得催化剂的高3倍.O2-H2滴定结果表明,当用浸渍法沉积CeO2时,CeO2和Pt的紧密结合导致了催化剂的高活性.催化剂载体的选择也非常重要,硅胶负载的催化剂活性(5.77μmol g?1 s?1)是氧化铝负载的(1.05μmol g?1 s?1)5倍.当反应受内扩散控制时,催化剂载体的粒径和孔结构影响非常大.另外,CeO2和Pt前驱体的干燥和焙烧条件对催化剂活性的影响至关重要.当Pt和CeO2含量分别大于2.5和15 wt%时,所得催化剂在室温条件下活性高(TOF>0.02 s?1),稳定性好(反应15 h,CO转化率≥99%).