逆向热蒸发制备望远镜主镜银反射膜（英文）

以自上向下热蒸发大型镀膜机为实验平台,开展了逆向蒸发制备大口径银反射镜研究.通过设计特殊蒸发舟及优化相关工艺参数,实现了金属银膜稳定、高速向下蒸发.根据逆向热蒸发工艺特点,选取熔点低、升华型材料Cr和SiO及特殊设计的蒸发舟,以Cr或CrN_x为粘结层,SiO_x或SiO_xN_y为保护层,制备了三种具有四层结构的介质保护性银反射膜,并对所制备反射镜样品的反射率、断面形貌和环境稳定性进行了表征.实验结果表明:膜系结构为3nmCr/120nmAg/0.6nmCrNx/150nmSiO_xN_y的银反射膜具有较好的环境稳定性和光谱特性;通过了24小时湿热实验(50℃/相对湿度98%)和盐雾实验,在400~1 800nm波段光谱范围内,银反射膜的平均反射率达到97.8%.     

真空紫外波段铝反射膜制备

为制备出在130～210nm波段具有良好光谱性能的铝反射膜,优化设计了铝反射镜中铝层和保护层氟化镁的厚度,理论确定铝层和氟化镁保护层最佳厚度分别为80nm和33nm。采用热舟蒸发工艺,在BK7基片上制备了Al反射膜样品,获得了130～210nm波长范围内反射率均大于80%的金属铝膜。研究了铝层沉积速率和紫外辐照处理对薄膜性能的影响,并考察了铝膜光谱性能的时效性。结果表明铝层沉积速率越快,制备的铝膜反射率越高;合理地存放铝膜元件,可以长时间内保持铝膜的光谱性能。适当的紫外辐照处理能进一步提高铝膜在真空紫外波段的反射率。     

大口径反射镜高反射膜研究进展

大口径反射镜是大型反射式光学系统中关键的光学元件,在工作波段的反射率直接决定了光学系统的性能。随着地基、天基观测设备的发展,对大口径反射镜高反射膜提出了更宽的工作波段、更高的反射率、更好的环境适应性等要求。针对这些挑战,各种新的膜系结构、新的镀制方法、新的膜层材料纷纷出现,满足了大口径反射镜高反射膜的各种需求。本文对近些年国内外的大口径反射镜高反射膜研究进展予以综述,并预测大口径反射镜高反膜制备的技术趋势将由铝反射膜向银反射膜、由热蒸发向磁控溅射发展。     

4.48 nm正入射软X射线激光用Cr/C多层膜高反射镜的研制

针对4.48nm类镍钽软X射线激光及其应用实验,设计制备了工作于这一波长的近正入射多层膜高反射镜。选择Cr/C为制备4.48nm高反射多层膜的材料对,通过优化设计,确定了多层膜的周期、周期数以及两种材料的厚度比。模拟了多层膜非理想界面对高反射多层膜性能的影响。采用直流磁控溅射方法在超光滑硅基片上实现了200周期Cr/C多层膜高反射镜的制备。利用X射线衍射仪测量了多层膜结构,在德国BessyⅡ同步辐射上测量了在工作波长处多层膜反射率,测量的峰值反射率达7.5%。对衍射仪测量的掠入射反射曲线和同步辐射测量的反射率曲线分别进行拟合,得到的粗糙度和厚度比的结果相近。测试结果表明,所制备的Cr/C多层膜样品结构良好,在指定工作波长处有较高的反射峰,达到了设计要求。     

中红外DF激光系统宽光谱反射膜的设计与实验测量

报道了目前所做的确定DF激光系统各种宽光谱反射膜性能特性的工作。利用制备的介质金属增强反射镜,由实验获得了DF激光波长为3.8μm时反射率大于99.4％、可见光区和8～14μm红外区平均反射率高于95％的结果。为说明这些反射镜性能,进行了反射率测量和环境试验。     

Glan-Taylor棱镜端面增透膜的研制

为了提高Glan-Taylor棱镜的透射率,改善其使用性能,研究了Glan-Taylor棱镜增透膜的设计、制备及测试.经过多次工艺实验选择了膜料并找到了合适的蒸镀条件,较好的解决了膜层与冰洲石晶体的附着力,用膜系软件进行了优化设计,并利用电子束蒸发方法实际制备了设计的膜系.最后利用岛津UV3101分光光度计测试了棱镜端面增透膜的反射光谱特性,测量结果表明镀膜以后在设计的光谱区域内端面的反射率均小于0.4％,并且膜层牢固.     

用于超薄反射镜热成形的Pt、Pt/Cr分离膜

针对热弯玻璃成形法制备高精度超薄反射镜时Pt分离膜造成的镜片污染问题,研究了Pt/Cr分离膜中不同Cr层厚度对热成形超薄反射镜玻璃基底表面粗糙度的影响.采用厚度为0.3 mm的Schott D263玻璃作为超薄反射镜基底材料,选取Pt、Pt/Cr作为模具和D263镜片之间的分离层材料进行实验.Pt薄膜的厚度为50nm,Cr层厚度分别为5nm、3.5nm、2.5nm、1.5nm,热成形实验采用"直接"复制方式.实验结果表明:Cr层厚度为1.5nm时,成形后模具表面分离膜未发生脱落,镜片表面粗糙度约为0.5nm,与D263镜片初始值接近,能够满足高能X射线望远镜对反射镜基底表面粗糙度的要求.     

中红外光参变振荡器在高反射率测量中的应用

根据光腔衰荡光谱技术(CRDS)原理,使用中红外光参变振荡器(OPO)为光源建立了直腔与折叠腔相结合的中红外波段3.6 μm 反射率测量实验装置,用于研究中红外波段的高反射膜反射率,测试精度为10-4。使用直型衰荡光腔测试了三对不同薄膜材料设计镀制的高反射腔镜的反射率,并选择了一对腔镜用于实验装置中。采用该装置精确测试了不同薄膜材料镀制的高反射膜的反射率,包括YbF3/ZnS,YbF3 /ZnSe多层膜,以及由银加保护膜镀制的反射镜。研究表明,中红外波段介质膜的反射率可达到R>0.9990,其中由YbF3/ZnSe镀制在硅基底上的多层介质膜3.6 μm反射率可达到99.96％。     

光度法确定LaF3薄膜光学常数

为了满足设计和生产多层膜系时精确确定薄膜材料光学常数的需要,建立一种基于透射率光谱包络来获取弱吸收光学薄膜光学常数的均匀模型.为消除基底背面反射对光学薄膜光谱性能测量的影响,给出一种非破坏性的薄膜光学特性校正方法,校正实测光谱数据获得光学薄膜的单面光谱,并给出确定基底光学常数的方法.研究钼舟热蒸发工艺制备的沉积在CaF...     

X光多层膜反射镜反射特性实验研究

采用在平焦场光栅谱仪后面分段记录光谱的办法成功地实现了软Ｘ光多层膜反射镜反射率的测量，实验观察了反射镜反射特性随入射角变化情况，同时对实验测量误差进行了分析。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.