HZSM-5在线提质生物油及催化剂失活机理分析

对不同使用时间的HZSM-5分子筛在线催化提质制取的生物油进行理化特性和成分分析,从生物油品质角度对HZSM-5的催化性能进行评价;并采用TG、BET、XRD、SEM和TEM等方法对失活的HZSM-5催化剂进行表征分析,探讨了HZSM-5催化提质生物油的失活机理,并进行再生研究。研究表明,HZSM-5分子筛可转化生物油中的酸类、醛类和酮类等"非期望"有机物,生成较多"期望"有机物,如酚类和芳烃类物质,降低生物油的氧含量及酸性,提高生物油的热值;HZSM-5使用80 min后,生物油品质明显变差,催化剂活性明显降低;失活催化剂上沉积的焦炭主要呈纤维状,同时,还存在少量石墨状焦炭,焦炭总量达14.12%,且使用过程中催化剂的比表面积和孔容均下降,晶粒的团聚现象加剧,结晶度下降;在催化提质过程中,在孔道内生成的石墨状焦炭及在表面形成的纤维状焦炭大量覆盖活性位点,使得催化剂失活。经550℃再生后,催化剂可恢复催化性能。     

Catalytic cracking of polyethylene waste in horizontal tube reactor

In this study catalytic and thermal cracking of polyethylene waste were investigated in continued tube reactor system. HZSM-5 and equilibrium FCC type catalysts were tested. Both the resistance to deactivation and the regeneration process of the catalyst were studied. Reaction temperature of 545 °C and residence time of 20 min were used during the cracking treatment. The reaction products were analyzed and the textural properties of catalysts were also determined. It was found that after the first reaction run the FCC catalyst lost 75% of its cracking activity, in case of HZSM-5 the rate of deactivation was higher. The cracking activity of catalyst could be improved by regeneration process with only 2-3% compared to the coked catalyst. The isomerisation effect of the catalysts was also observed. The effect of coked FCC catalyst could be improved by the regeneration process with 50% in case of HZSM-5 it was only 25%.     

纳米HZSM-5沸石的骨架热稳定性及其作为催化剂的可再生性

采用高温焙烧和积炭失活-空气烧炭再生方法研究了纳米ZSM-5沸石的骨架热稳定性和用纳米HZSM-5沸石制成的芳构化催化剂的再生重复使用性能,还采用XRD、TG、FTIR、NH3-TPD和N2物理吸附,以及C4液化气固定床临氢芳构化反应对沸石和催化剂样品的物化性质作了表征.结果表明:纳米ZSM-5沸石具有良好的骨架热稳定性,在马弗炉的静止空气气氛中恒温焙烧800℃时仍可保持骨架结构.纳米HZSM-5型芳构化催化剂在C4液化气固定床临氢芳构化反应中不但活性稳定性好,而且可以再生重复使用,具有很高的工业应用价值.     

Microparticle HZSM-5 zeolite as highly active catalyst for the hydration of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol

Microparticle HZSM-5 zeolite (MPZ) has been prepared without employing any organic templates, and used as a catalyst for the hydration of cyclohexene to synthesize cyclohexanol. MPZ exhibits better catalytic performance and superior settlement separation property than those of commercial HZSM-5 prepared by the traditional method using an organic template. The stability of MPZ has been investigated for a 1200-h test, and the regenerated performance of MPZ has also been investigated. The results show that although MPZ was reused for five recycles, the high cyclohexene conversion of 9.6 % and the high cyclohexanol selectivity of 96.8 % are still attained after the fifth regeneration. FT-IR, XRD and N₂ adsorption–desorption characterizations show that coke deposit on the surface and in the channels of MPZ is the main reason for the deactivation. ICP-AES, SEM–EDS and NH₃-TPD characterizations indicate that hydrothermal dealumination reduces the strong acidity and accelerates the catalyst deactivation. The spent catalyst by regeneration with H₂O₂ could be recovered to its initial high catalytic activity, due to the restored appropriate channels and exposed active sites.

     

Fabrication of a nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite with intercrystalline mesopores for conversion of methanol to gasoline

Carbon deposition during methanol to hydrocarbons leads to the quick deactivation of ZSM-5 catalyst and it is one of the major problems for this technology. Decreasing the crystal size or introducing mesopores into ZSM-5 zeolites can improve its diffusion property and decrease the coke formation. In this paper, nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite with intercrystalline mesopores combining the mesoporous and nanosized structure was fabricated. For comparison, the mesoporous ZSM-5 and nano-sized ZSM-5 were also prepared. These catalyst samples were characterized by XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, TEM, Py-IR and TG techniques and used on the conversion of methanol to gasoline in a fixed-bed reactor at T = 405 °C, WHSV = 4.74 h-1and P = 1.0 MPa. It was found that the external surface area of the nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite with intercrystalline mesopores reached 104 m2/g, larger than that of mesoporous ZSM-5(66 m2/g) and nanosized ZSM-5(76 m2/g). Catalytic lifetime of the nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite with intercrystalline mesopores was 93 h, which was only longer than that of mesoporous ZSM-5(86 h), but shorter than that of nanosized ZSM-5(104 h). Strong acidity promoted the coke formation and thus decreased the catalytic lifetime of the nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite with intercrystalline mesopores though it presented large external surface that could improve the diffusion property. The special zeolite catalyst was further dealuminated to decrease the strong acidity. After this, its coke formation rate was slowed and catalytic lifetime was prolonged to 106 h because of the large external surface area and decreased weak acidity. This special structural zeolite is a potential catalyst for methanol to gasoline reaction.     

Effect of reaction time on the H/C-ratio of coke formed during CMHC on HZSM-5 catalysts

Carbonaceous deposits on HZSM-5 zeolite samples deactivated during coupled methanol/n-butane cracking were investigated by temperature-programmed oxidation. With the progressive dealumination on-stream and the unaccessibility of the active sites, an increased amount of deposited coke could be observed. The H/C ratio found depends both on the concentration of acid sites and on time onstream.     

多酸基深度加氢脱硫催化剂的原位表征和反应性能

采用浸渍法合成了镍盐复合的磷钨酸(HPW)/纳米晶HZSM-5固体酸催化剂,其在催化裂化(FCC)汽油加氢改质反应中显示出了良好地深度加氢脱硫活性。 原位电子自旋共振和原位吡啶吸附红外光谱表征手段的研究结果表明,纳米晶HZSM-5沸石上Ni(Ⅱ)结合3电子还原态的HPW(Ⅲ)是FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应的活性中心。 探讨了多酸基催化剂在FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应中活性改善的原因。     

Adsorption, diffusion and catalysis of mesostructured zeolite HZSM-5

Adsorption and diffusion properties of n-octane in meso-structured HZSM-5 zeolites were studied by high precision intelligent gravimetric analysis (IGA) and ZLC technology between 293?K and 393?K. As expected, great increase in adsorption capacity and diffusion efficient of n-octane in the mesostructured HZSM-5 zeolites was observed compared with conventional HZSM-5. At the same time, the adsorption activation energy of n-octane in the mesostructured HZSM-5 zeolites was significantly decreased. The adsorption heats with low n-octane loading showed a clear decline with increase of mesoporosity in the zeolite samples. These results clearly indicate that introduction of mesopores into the zeolites offered a short diffusion path and high diffusion rate for reactants and products, which resulted in a high yield of fuel oil and an enhanced resistance against the catalyst deactivation in the reaction of methanol to gasoline.     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

含氧化铝Zn/HZSM-5催化剂芳构化反应性能的研究

考察了在含氧化铝载体条件下,不同Zn负载量改性后HZSM-5催化剂的MTA反应性能。采用BET、XRD、PyFTIR、NH3-TPD和H2-TPR等分析手段对催化剂进行表征。实验结果表明,氧化铝载体的加入使得HZSM-5催化剂产生了介孔并且增强了Zn物种在催化剂表面的稳定性;Zn物种的加入破坏了HZSM-5分子筛的骨架结构、改变了催化剂表面酸性;此外,Zn物种的加入可以促进MTA过程脱氢反应的进行,中间产物烯烃的后续芳构化过程受到抑制;在实验的考察范围内,当Zn负载量为0.5%(质量分数)时,芳烃(C6~11)收率存在最大值21.0%(质量分数);甲醇的芳构化能力会受到生焦的抑制,然而,再生后的催化剂呈现更高的芳烃收率。     

Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of n-Butane

The acidic modulations of a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were successfully made by calcination at different treatment temperatures, i.e. 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 ℃, respectively. The results indicated that the total acid amounts, their density and the amount of B-type acid of HZSM-5 catalysts rapidly decreased, while the amounts of L-type acid had almost no change and thus the ratio of L/B was obviously enhanced with the increase of calcination temperature (excluding 800 ℃). The catalytic performances of modified HZSM-5 catalysts for the cracking of n-butane were also investigated. The main properties of these catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, N2 adsorption at low temperature, NH3-TPD, FTIR of pyridine adsorption and BET surface area measurements. The results showed that HZSM-5 zeolite pretreated at 800 ℃ had very low catalytic activity for n-butane cracking. In the calcination temperature range of 500-700 ℃, the total selectivity to olefins, propylene and butene were increased with the increase of calcination temperature, while, the selectivity for arene decreased with the calcination temperature.The HZSM-5 zeolite calcined at 700 ℃ produced light olefins with high yield, at the reaction temperature of 650 ℃ the yields of total olefins and ethylene were 52.8% and 29.4%, respectively. Besides, the more important role is that high calcination temperature treatment improved the duration stability of HZSM-5zeolites. The effect of calcination temperature on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for cracking of n-butane was explored. It was found that the calcination temperature had large effects on the surface area, crystallinity and acid properties of HZSM-5 catalyst, which further affected the catalytic performance for n-butane cracking.     

改性HZSM-5分子筛上噻吩烷基化反应和失活再生性能的研究

采用不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛,制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂并应用于噻吩烷基化反应中。结果表明,不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛后,均能够在分子筛上造出介孔孔道且能够调变分子筛的酸性,其中,采用Na₂CO₃溶液和TPAOH溶液分开处理得到的分子筛催化剂织结构最适合噻吩烷基化反应;其次考察具有最佳织结构分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化反应稳定性,并分析催化剂失活的原因和再生条件。结果表明,当噻吩烷基化反应进行到1050 h后,催化剂已基本失活,催化剂失活的主要原因是,在反应过程中原料中反应组分间发生烯烃齐聚、环化、脱氢和芳烃烷基化等副反应生成的大分子化合物沉积在催化剂上,堵塞催化剂的孔道和遮盖催化剂的活性中心所致;对失活催化剂进行高温再生,从高温再生的能耗较大以及多次高温再生对催化剂酸性和骨架结构不利的角度考虑,选定催化剂的再生温度为550 ℃。     

用于乙烯芳构化反应的Zn/HZSM-5催化剂失活机制研究

采用浸渍法制备了Zn负载量（质量分数）分别为1%、2%、3%的Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,通过XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、Py-FTIR、XPS、TG-DTA等技术,系统考察Zn/HZSM-5分子筛在乙烯芳构化反应的失活机制。结果表明,积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因,HZSM-5中Zn的添加在较大程度上抑制了催化剂的积炭行为;低Zn含量时催化剂失活缓慢,但Zn含量较高时,由于催化剂比表面积和孔体积极剧下降,催化剂失活加剧。反应过程中,分子筛上Zn物种存在迁移和流失行为,迁移行为体现为催化剂表面Zn的富集和相对比例的变化;Zn流失速率在不同反应阶段保持恒定,但受到Zn含量的影响,Zn含量越高、流失速率越大。外表面ZnO是分子筛催化剂Zn流失的主要物种,且随Zn负载量升高变化趋势愈加明显,其含量与积炭速率存在一定关联。     

硅烷化处理对Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷脱氢芳构化活性的影响

 结合催化剂的活性评价及固体高分辨核磁共振谱、X射线光电子能谱和X射线荧光光谱和热重等技术,考察了硅烷化处理对Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷脱氢芳构化活性的影响. 结果表明,采用大分子有机硅烷对HZSM-5分子筛进行硅烷化处理,除去了分子筛外表面的酸性位,并使分子筛本身发生了脱铝. 硅烷化处理使Mo/HZSM-5催化剂在进行甲烷脱氢芳构化反应时催化剂上总的积碳量明显减少,从而提高了催化剂的活性.     

乙烯在ZSM-5催化剂上低聚反应规律的研究

在固定床微反装置上,采用ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,考察了不同条件下乙烯的低聚反应。结果表明,适宜的条件可以抑制副反应,提高产物中丙烯与丁烯的选择性。随反应时间的延长,催化剂因积炭而失活,乙烯转化率由初始的96.2%降至6h后的41.1%,丙烯和丁烯选择性增加。提高乙烯空速可有效抑制氢转移反应从而提高烯烃选择性,根据不同转化率对应的产物分布,得到了ZSM 5催化剂上乙烯低聚的反应路径。乙烯转化率随反应温度的升高先增加后降低,500℃时达到最大值为88.0%,主要产物LPG组分中烷烃居多。提高反应压力有利于低聚反应进行,可以显著提高乙烯转化率,但不利于生成丙烯和丁烯。     

分子筛催化剂的失活与积炭

分子筛催化剂的失活与积炭刘中民，陈国权，王清遐，梁娟，蔡光宇（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，大连１１６０２３）关键词分子筛，结炭，催化剂失活，甲醇转化，ＨＺＳＭ－５结炭是酸性分子筛催化剂失活的主要因素．本文通过具有碳链增长、环化、烷基化等多种反应途径...     

具有多级孔道结构、高水热稳定性的含氧化镁Silicalite-1分子筛的合成

通过焙烧将分散在多孔氧化硅母体中的硝酸镁转化成高分散的MgO物种, 然后使用四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)作为结构导向剂, 将含MgO 的母体通过水热晶化合成MgO/silicalite-1 分子筛复合物. X 射线衍射(XRD)、能量X射线光谱(EDX)和透射电镜(TEM)的结果表明MgO物种被均匀地分散在silicalite-1 分子筛晶体中. 将酸处理脱除氧化镁前后的样品在100%水蒸汽800℃ 条件下老化, 结果表明MgO 的引入有效地提高了分子筛的水热稳定性. 此外, 酸洗脱除MgO/silicalite-1分子筛中的MgO提高了分子筛结晶度, 同时引入了一定的介孔. N₂物理吸附-脱附数据证明了酸洗后分子筛中介孔的存在. 水热稳定性的提高和介孔的引入对于在高温下保持催化剂的孔道结构, 提高催化剂的抗积碳能力, 降低催化剂的失活速率以及延长催化剂的使用寿命起着非常重要的作用.     

Probing the Different Life Stages of a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Particle with Integrated Laser and Electron Microscopy

While cycling through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, the structure and performance of FCC catalyst particles are severely affected. In this study, we set out to characterize the damage to commercial equilibrium catalyst particles, further denoted as ECat samples, and map the different pathways involved in their deactivation in a practical unit. The degradation was studied on a structural and a functional level. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ECat samples revealed several structural features; including zeolite crystals that were partly or fully severed, mesoporous, macroporous, and/or amorphous. These defects were then correlated to structural features observed in FCC particles that were treated with different levels of hydrothermal deactivation. This allowed us not only to identify which features observed in ECat samples were a result of hydrothermal deactivation, but also to determine the severity of treatments resulting in these defects. For functional characterization of the ECat sample, the Brønsted acidity within individual FCC particles was studied by a selective fluorescent probe reaction with 4‐fluorostyrene. Integrated laser and electron microscopy (iLEM) allowed correlating this Brønsted acidity to structural features by combining a fluorescence and a transmission electron microscope in a single set‐up. Together, these analyses allowed us to postulate a plausible model for the degradation of zeolite crystals in FCC particles in the ECat sample. Furthermore, the distribution of the various deactivation processes within particles of different ages was studied. A rim of completely deactivated zeolites surrounding each particle in the ECat sample was identified by using iLEM. These zeolites, which were never observed in fresh or steam‐deactivated samples, contained clots of dense structures. The structures are proposed to be carbonaceous deposits formed during the cracking process, and seem resistant towards burning off during catalyst regeneration.     

甲烷无氧芳构化反应中Co助剂对Mo／HZSM-5

 甲烷在Co－Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上进行无氧芳构化反应的评价结果表明，Co的添加大大提高了Mo／HZSM－5催化剂在反应过程中的稳定性．BET实验证明，反应后的积炭对Co－Mo／HZSM－5催化剂孔道堵塞的程度较小．对积炭催化剂进行的一系列程序升温表面反应（如TPH，TPCO2和TPO）结果表明，TPO谱上有两个峰温明显不同的烧炭峰，Co的添加明显抑制了高温积炭的生成．H2主要与高温积炭发生反应，这部分积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因；CO2对低温积炭的影响则尤为明显．TEM结果表明，积炭催化剂上存在丝状积炭物种．碳丝不能与H2反应，但能被CO2除去．Co的添加促进了丝状积炭物种的生成，碳丝并不是导致催化剂失活的因素．