加速溶剂萃取法提取海洋沉积物中正构烷烃的方法研究

采用加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)提取了海洋沉积物中的正构烷烃,并对ASE的萃取剂比例、萃取温度、静态萃取时间以及循环次数等实验条件进行优化。结果表明,当样品长碳链正构烷烃含量较高或需要检测长碳链正构烷烃含量时,可使用甲醇-二氯甲烷(1∶3)作为萃取剂;而甲醇-二氯甲烷(1∶9)适用于短碳链正构烷烃含量较高或需要检测短碳链正构烷烃含量的样品。加速溶剂萃取提取沉积物中正构烷烃的最佳条件为:萃取温度150℃,静态提取时间15 min,循环3次。在优化条件下,测定沉积物样品中正构烷烃的精密度除C15为20%外,其余为3%~14%,替代物回收率为84%~114%。相比于传统的索氏提取法,该方法的工作效率高、回收率高、精密度良好,适用于沉积物样品中正构烷烃的定量分析。     

木质素酚类单体化合物制备烷烃燃料

通过引入中间小分子化合物,采用傅克烷基化反应,实现了从木质素酚类单体化合物制备长链烷烃燃料.考察了催化剂、醛酮类小分子化合物、反应时间、反应温度、物料比、底物等条件对从木质素酚类单体制备二聚体反应结果的影响,并对得到的木质素酚类二聚体产物进一步加氢还原,得到C_13~19烷烃燃料.结果表明,当物料比n(木质素酚类单体)/n(醛酮类中间小分子)为15:3,以Amberlyst-15为酸性催化剂,在100 ℃的条件下,反应24 h,可以得到68%产率的二聚体化合物(当底物是愈创木酚和丙醛时).将得到的二聚体化合物在270 ℃,4 MPa H₂的不锈钢反应釜中进行加氢反应,3 h后,二聚体化合物完全转化为液体烷烃.提出从木质素单体出发通过引入中间小分子,实现C-C链增长来制备烷烃燃料的合成路线,为木质素的开发和应用提出了新思路与实验基础.     

双核碱性离子液体催化棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油

采用两步法制备了五种新型咪唑类碱性双核功能化离子液体化合物,并考察了对棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的催化性能。结果表明,咪唑类碱性双核功能化离子液体具有很好的催化活性,其催化活性与阳离子中碳链长度有关。其中,双-(3-甲基-1-咪唑)亚乙基双氢氧化物离子液体的催化活性最好。催化剂量、反应时间、反应温度及醇油比对生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯含量及选择性影响的研究发现,在催化剂用量为0.4%(质量分数),醇油摩尔比为12,反应温度为55℃,反应时间为4 h时,脂肪酸甲酯的含量和选择性分别达98.5%和99.9%。催化剂7次循环后,产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量仍达到96.2%,单甘酯和双甘酯的含量很少,表明该催化剂重复使用良好。     

生物柴油调合对其低温流动性能的改善

为了了解生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯组成对其低温流动性能的影响,探索改善其流动性能的方法,以大豆油、花生油和牛油为原料合成了大豆油甲酯、花生油甲酯和牛油甲酯,测定了它们的脂肪酸甲酯组成和低温流动性能.结果表明,长碳链饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量是影响生物柴油低温流动性能的主要因素.通过对混合生物柴油流动性能的测定,发现可以通过不同来源...     

差分气液色谱法直接测定煤油和柴油中的正构烷烃

正构烷烃(nニ烷烃)是石油中的重要组分,对其在石油馏份中的含量和分布已进行了大量工作。1972年Folmer提出了差分色谱法,Stuckey也在这方面进行了一些工作。我们应用程序升温差分色谱法分析了自制煤油和柴油标样以及煤油和柴油馏份油中的n-烷烃,结果较为满意。方法速度快,信号解释简单。实验部分 1.仪器设备:捷克41型气相色谱仪,在其中一个放大器微调线路中附加了一个可调电     

多频超声反应槽连续强化酸化油酯交换制备生物柴油研究

以平均酸值高达33.07 mgKOH/g不可食用的廉价酸化油为原料,利用自行设计的多频超声溢流槽连续强化酯交换反应生物柴油生产装置,先后经预酯化、酯交换两步反应,高效、低耗的制备生物柴油。主要考察了室温下物料流量(停留时间)、超声功率、超声频率及组合、KOH用量、醇油物质的量比对酯交换反应的影响及单位产品能耗。结果表明,多频组合超声辐射比单频更有利于生物柴油的制备;预酯化后的油料在流量为25 L/h(物料停留时间为54 min),催化剂(KOH)用量为1.2%(质量分数),醇油物质的量比为6∶1和各反应槽功率为200 W的条件下,甲酯产率达96.83%。50 L废弃酸化油能制得符合国标GB19147—2009的生物柴油48L,整个生物柴油制备过程总耗时和总耗电量仅为8.667 h、5.42 kWh。     

环氧稻草纤维球的傅立叶红外及扫描电镜研究

本文以天然纤维素中的农副产品稻草秸秆作原料,先用高沸醇(1,4-丁二醇)做溶剂,于200℃、0.9MPa下两小时蒸煮(即HBS处理,除去其半纤维素和大部分木质素)后过滤,以提高稻草秸秆中纤维素的含量。SEM结果表明,上述条件下经HBS处理后,稻草秸秆表面发生了明显变化,IR结果表明,其木质素含量明显减少。再用NaOH预处理后与环氧氯丙烷反应,制得了环氧稻草纤维素球,探讨了其制备的优化实验条件。用SEM、IR对其进行表征,证实制得的环氧稻草纤维素球具有圆球的形状和一定的孔隙结构,并含有环氧基官能团。     

CaO-MgO@CoFe_2O_4磁性固体碱的制备及其大豆油酯交换反应催化性能

以草酸盐为前驱体采用两步法制备了一种以CaO-MgO作为活性组分,以CoFe_2O_4作为磁核的磁性固体碱催化剂,并用于大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应合成生物柴油。对制备的磁性固体碱催化剂进行了磁滞回线、X-射线衍射(XRD)、CO_2-TPD及透射电镜(TEM)表征。考察了不同核壳物质的量比、焙烧温度、反应温度、反应时间、醇油物质的量比以及催化剂用量等因素对大豆油转化为生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明,采用核壳物质的量比为1∶6、焙烧温度为700℃所制备的CaO-MgO@CoFe_2O_4催化剂,当醇油物质的量比为12、催化剂用量为大豆油质量的1.0%时,在65℃下反应时间3 h,生物柴油收率高达97.1%。该催化剂具有较好的重复利用性能,重复利用四次后生物柴油的收率仍可达90%。     

木质素热解生物油组成成分与分子尺寸分布特性分析

选用脱碱木质素作为原料,以热裂解气质联用技术(Py-GC/MS)研究木质素在350～600℃下热解产物成分和含量,并利用Joback法、 Lijie法和Tahami法3种基团贡献法计算了生物油各组成成分的临界参数和动力学直径,对木质素热解油产物的分子动力学直径分布特性进行计算.结果显示,愈创木基结构、紫丁香基结构、苯酚类、邻苯二酚类和芳烃类等5种芳香族化合物是350～600℃下木质素热解生物油的主要组成成分,其中愈创木基结构化合物的平均峰面积百分比达到70.7%.随着反应温度从350提高到600℃,分子动力学直径在0.560～0.610 nm区间内的木质素热解油组分含量从14.6%增加至31.3%.木质素热解生物油主要产物的动力学直径在0.560～0.710nm,表明一些孔径尺寸在此范围内的分子筛如SSZ-20、 ZSM-5和Beta可作为木质素裂解制备高品质芳烃燃料的催化剂.     

玉米秸秆催化液化制备生物油实验研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,添加分子筛催化剂在体积为500 mL的高温高压反应釜中进行催化液化制备生物油实验研究。选取反应温度、催化剂含量和反应时间三个主要因素为变量,探究其对玉米秸秆催化液化产物分布的影响。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对玉米秸秆生物油的成分和官能团结构进行分析。结果表明,玉米秸秆的最佳催化液化条件为,反应温度为340 ℃,玉米秸秆15 g,FeHZSM-5催化剂含量为6.67%,反应时间为30 min。在此条件下,生物油产率为28.03%,催化液化整体转化率为81.73%。生物油的主要成分为酚类和长链酯类,生物油的热值达30.08 MJ/kg。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.