硝基咪唑化合物结构与性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法在6-311G(d,p)水平上, 对10种硝基咪唑化合物进行了理论计算: 几何优化结果显示所有化合物均无虚频, 为势能面上的稳定结构. 基于自然键轨道理论和三维静电势图, 分析了稳定结构的成键情况、咪唑环上的共轭性及硝基咪唑化合物的反应性. 理论估算了10种化合物的标准气态生成热和密度, 最后采用VLW方程计算了这些化合物的爆速、爆压, 其爆速在8.7和9.5 km/s之间. 结果表明: 咪唑环上有一定的芳香性, 所设计的系列硝基咪唑化合物能量高, 其中三硝基咪唑化合物是最有潜力的含能材料候选物.     

酰胺硫醚桥连1,3-硒唑和1,2,4-三唑衍生物合成及其对细胞分裂周期25磷酸酯酶B(Cdc25B)抑制活性

细胞分裂周期25磷酸酯酶B (Cdc25B)与致癌转化有关,是潜在的抗癌疗法的药物靶标.为筛选Cdc25B抑制剂,以1,3-硒唑为核心组块,利用酰胺硫醚键与1,2,4-三唑席夫碱活性组块桥连成目标化合物2-(1,2,4-三唑-3-基)硫代-N-(4-苯基-1,3-硒唑-2-基)乙酰胺(TATS).首先为验证将1,3-硒唑作为核心组块的合理性,选择了苯环未被修饰的TATS1与Cdc25B进行分子对接模拟,结果表明, 1,3-硒唑能紧密地嵌入Cdc25B结构中,与Cdc25B的重要催化位点Arg492发生N-H…PI非键弱相互作用,发挥了核心作用.酰胺羰基氧原子与Arg492和Arg488形成氢键,表明酰胺硫醚键引入合理.在理论对接研究的基础上,通过对1,2,4-三唑席夫碱活性组块中两个区域用不同基团修饰,设计并合成了13个新型目标化合物TATS1~TATS13,对比测试了目标化合物和重要中间体对Cdc25B的抑制活性.结果表明,其中12个目标化合物生物活性优于阳性参照物Na3VO4, 1,2,4-三唑席夫碱两个区域的不同修饰对抑制活性有明显影响,实现了活性叠加效应,表明该类结构化合物有望成为潜在的Cdc25B抑制剂.     

用于研究病毒唑作用机理的光敏探针的设计与合成

对用于研究病毒唑作用机理的光敏探针进行了设计, 并以四乙酰核糖化合物和3-溴-1,2,4-三唑-5-酰甲酯化合物为原料进行合成实验, 得到光敏探针化合物5-叠氮基-1-(β-呋喃核糖基) 1,2,4-三唑-3-酰胺和3-叠氮基-1-(β-呋喃核糖基)-1,2,4-三唑-5-酰胺. 采用IR, MS和1 H NMR等技术对化合物的结构进行了表征, 同时对探针分子的设计和结构判定进行了探讨.     

新型含1,2,3-三唑基[1,2,4](噁)二唑并[4,5-a][1,5]苯并硫氮杂卓化合物的合成

将1,2,3-三唑环结构及1,2,4-噁二唑环等多个药效团结构叠加到同一个硫氮杂卓分子中,为药理及生理活性研究提供较好的先导化合物.反应在三乙胺存在下,用2,4-二芳基-2,3-二氢-1,5-苯并硫氮杂卓与α-氯代-2-苯基-1,2,3-三唑基-4-甲醛肟在室温进行1,3-偶极环加成反应,合成一系列的2-苯基-1,2,3-三唑基[1,2,4]噁二唑并[4,5-a][1,5]苯并硫氮杂卓化合物,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等测试技术对化合物进行了表征.     

新型含1,2,3-三唑基[1,2,4]噁二唑并[4,5-a][1,5]苯并硫氮杂卓化合物的合成

将1,2,3-三唑环结构及1,2,4-噁二唑环等多个药效团结构叠加到同一个硫氮杂卓分子中,为药理及生理活性研究提供较好的先导化合物。反应在三乙胺存在下,用2,4-二芳基－2,3－二氢－1,5-苯并硫氮杂卓与α-氯代-2－苯基－1,2,3-三唑基4－甲醛肟在室温进行1,3-偶极环加成反应,合成一系列的2－苯基－1,2,3-三唑基[1,2,4]噁二唑并[4,5－a][1,5]苯并硫氮杂卓化合物,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等测试技术对化合物进行了表征。     

双（2,2-二硝基丙基）甲缩醛的结构和爆轰性能的量子化学研究

利用B3LYP/6-311＋G（2d,p）方法对一种新型含能增塑剂双（2,2-二硝基丙基）甲缩醛进行几何优化,计算了其红外光谱、生成焓和爆轰特性. 分析了最弱键的键离解能和键级并预测了目标化合物的热稳定性. 结果表明双（2,2-二硝基丙基）甲缩醛中的四个N-NO2键的键离解能都为164.38 kJ/mol. 表明目标化合物是一个热力学性能稳定的化合物. 以凝聚相生成焓和分子密度为基础,采用Kamlet-Jacobs方法预测其爆速和爆压. 目标化合物的晶体结构属于P21空间群.     

新型高能量密度化合物3,6-双(3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑-1)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物的性能预估及合成路线设计

采用C++自编译程序及组合原理,设计并筛选出一种未见报道的新型富氮类高能量密度化合物-3,6-双(3,5.二硝基.1,2,4-三唑.1)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物,用B3LYP法,在6-31G**基组水平上得到该化合物全优化构型;在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱;通过键级分析得到热解引发键的键离解能(BDE);采用Monte-Carlo 方法预估了密度;设计等键等电子反应计算了生成焓;运用Kamlet-Jacobs公式预测爆速、爆压和爆热;运用Keshavarz 等推导的预估撞击感度H50的公式预测了撞击感度性能;并利用逆合成分析法设计其合成路线.结果表明:该化合物存在8个强吸收峰,校正后的热解引发键的BDE为264KJ·mol-1,稳定性较优;密度1.955 g·cm-3、生成焓901.72 kJ·mol-1、爆速9191.48 m·s-1、爆压39.32 GPa、爆热6705.15 j·g-1;撞击感度H50为55.85cm,低于黑索金(RDX)和奥克托今(HMx);以上性能均达到了高能量密度化合物的标准,且该化合物设计合成路线步骤较少、原料易得,有望得到广泛应用.     

六硝基六氮杂三环十二烷二酮的密度泛函理论研究

对迄今为止爆速最高的高能化合物六硝基六氮杂三环十二烷二酮(HHTDD)的结构和性质实现了DFT-B3LYP/CEP-31G水平的计算研究。其全优化几何构型中六员氮杂环可取椅式和船式2种构象,并以船式构象更稳定。基于集居数、自然键轨道(NBO)、分子总能量和前线轨道能量等电子结构参数对该化合物若干性质进行了探讨。尤其揭示了分子中NNO2键所表现出的最大活性。在振动分析的基础上求得273～800 K温度范围内体系的热力学性质。从理论上预测的爆速与实测值相吻合。     

B炸药主要组分TNT和RDX分子间相互作用的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上研究了B炸药的主要成分--2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)与环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)分子间的相互作用, 得到了10种TNT＋RDX的全优化构型. 讨论了稳定构型在几何参数、稳定性、红外光谱和电荷分布上的差异. 借助自然键轨道(NBO)理论揭示了TNT与RDX分子间相互作用的本质, 主要由氢键所贡献. 分子间相互作用能在－3.930～－14.652 kJ•mol^－1之间, 经基组叠加误差(BSSE)校正, 相互作用能顺序为VI＞III＞V＞IV＞X＞I＞IX＞II＞VII＞VIII. 对全优化构型进行了热力学性质的分析, 探讨了由单体分子形成混合体系的热力学性质的变化, 结果发现, 形成分子间氢键是个放热过程. 运用Kamlet-Jacobs方程基于理论密度(ρ)估算了混合体系TNT＋RDX的爆轰性质爆速(D)和爆压(p), 与文献值进行比较表明理论计算方法和结果是可靠的.     

氮杂环并二氢嘧啶及嘧啶衍生物的合成及生物活性评价

利用微波促进,以芳香醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯、2-氨基咪唑或3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑为原料,通过Knoevenagel缩合反应和Atwal改进的Biginelli反应串联,简便、高效地合成了系列新型芳基取代咪唑(三唑)并二氢嘧啶衍生物.对所合成化合物进一步芳构化,得到系列氮杂环并嘧啶类化合物,为此类嘧啶化合物的合成提供一条简便的途径.对所合成的部分化合物进行了体外肿瘤细胞(Hela和A549)的细胞毒性及苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制活性测试.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Quantum chemical studies on the structure and detonation properties of the fused polynitrodiazoles: New high energy density molecules

In this study, we explore the possibility that fused polynitrodiazoles act as high energy density materials. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level were performed to predict the structure, energy of explosion (≈1.68 kcal g^?1), density (≈1.98 g cm^?3), detonation velocity (≈9.50 km s^?1), and detonation pressure (≈41.50 GPa) of model molecules. The predicted properties have been found to be promising compared with 3,4,5‐trinitro‐1H‐pyrazole, 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane, and octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐l,3,5,7‐tetraazocane. The nature of azoles of the molecule presumably determines the geometry, stability, sensitivity, density, and detonation performance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Characterization of thermally-damaged LX-17

Thermal damage was applied to LX-17 at 190°C for several hours. The damaged LX-17 samples, after cooled down to room temperature, were characterized for their material properties, safety and performance. Mass losses upon thermal exposure were insignificant (<0.1 mass%). The damaged LX-17 samples expanded, resulting in a bulk density reduction of 4.3%. Subsequent detonation measurements (cylinder tests) were conducted on the thermally-damaged LX-17 samples. The results showed that the fractions of damaged LX-17 reacted were slightly lower than those of pristine LX-17. The thermally damaged LX-17 samples had average detonation velocity of 7.341 mm μs⁻¹, lower than that (7.638 mm μs⁻¹) of pristine LX-17. The average detonation energy density for the damaged LX-17 was 5.18 kJ cm⁻³, about 6.0% lower than the detonation energy density of 5.51 kJ cm⁻³ for the pristine LX-17. The break-out curves showed reaction zone lengths for pristine LX-17 and damaged LX-17 were similar but the damaged samples had ragged detonation fronts. DSC curves showed no significant difference between pristine LX-17 and damaged LX-17 with a peak temperature of 381°C observed.     

Effect of detonation nanodiamonds on the electrocatalytic activity of asymmetric cobalt phthalocyanine: Covalent versus non-covalent linking

We report on the effect of detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) on electrocatalytic properties of an asymmetrically substituted cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). The incorporation of DNDs onto cobalt phthalocyanine enhances its electrochemical behaviour. An asymmetrical CoPc alone, when π-π stacked (CoPc-DNDs(ππ)) or covalently linked (CoPc@DNDs) to DNDs is used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrocatalytic detection of hydrazine. In addition, the GCE was modified by sequentially adding CoPc and DNDs onto its surface, represented as GCE/CoPc-DNDs(seq) when CoPc is placed before DNDs on the electrode and GCE/DNDs-CoPc(seq) when DNDs are placed before CoPc, where seq represents sequential. The obtained catalytic rate for the detection of hydrazine on GCE/CoPc@DNDs was 9.3×10⁴ M⁻¹.s⁻¹ with a limit of detection as 0.33 μM. GCE/CoPc@DNDs gave better electrocatalytic activities when compared to its counterparts.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Energetic Solids

A continuing objective in the area of energetic materials is to reduce sensitivity toward impact and shock. One approach is to develop a better understanding of how factors related to the crystal lattice, e.g., defects, influence the initiation and propagation of detonation. Molecular dynamics is a useful tool for this purpose. This paper presents an overview of molecular dynamics treatments of energetic solids. Some of these have simulated initiation and propagation in idealized systems; others have focused on developing a satisfactory procedure for describing molecular crystals of practical significance. Our emphasis in this discussion is on the progress that has been made along the second lines.     

Theoretical investigation on density,detonation properties,and pyrolysis mechanism of nitro derivatives of benzene and aminobenzenes

Nitro derivatives of benzene and aminobenzenes are optimized at the DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G* level. The heat of formation (ΔH_f) and crystal theoretical density (ρ) are estimated to evaluate the detonation properties using the modified Kamlet–Jacobs equations. Thermal stability and the pyrolysis mechanism of the title compounds are investigated by calculating the bond dissociation energies (BDE) at the unrestricted B3LYP/6‐31G* level. The kinetic parameter and the static electronic structural parameters can be used to predict the stability and the relative magnitude of the impact sensitivity of homologues. According to the quantitative standard of the energy and the stability as an HEDC, the title compounds having more than four nitro groups satisfy this requirement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009     

Energetic Salts Based on Furazan‐Functionalized Tetrazoles: Routes to Boost Energy

Based on the backbone of the furazan‐tetrazole structure, routes were developed to improve the properties of energetic materials. Two types of high‐density energetic salts were designed, prepared, and fully characterized. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses support the structural characteristics for two amino salts. A majority of the salts exhibited good detonation properties, high thermal stabilities, and relatively low impact and friction sensitivities. Hydroxylammonium and hydrazinium salts, 1 – 3 and 1 – 4 , which have relatively high densities (1.84 and 1.74 g cm^?3,, respectively), acceptable impact and friction sensitivities (14 J, 160 N and 28 J, 360 N), and good detonation pressures (38.3 and 32.2 GPa) and velocities (9323 and 9094 m s^?1), have performance properties superior to 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane (RDX) and triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB).     

炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉

综合介绍了用炸药爆炸法合成的金刚石粉的制备方法、性质和结构特点, 以及一些可能的应用途径。着重指出, 这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的一种金刚石新品种。     

Fully C/N‐Polynitro‐Functionalized 2,2′‐Biimidazole Derivatives as Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Rich Energetic Salts

Through the use of a fully C/N‐functionalized imidazole‐based anion, it was possible to prepare nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐rich energetic salts. When N,N‐dinitramino imidazole was paired with nitrogen‐rich bases, versatile ionic derivatives were prepared and fully characterized by IR, and ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Both experimental and theoretical evaluations show promising properties for these energetic compounds, such as high density, positive heats of formation, good oxygen balance, and acceptable stabilities. The energetic salts exhibit promising energetic performance comparable to the benchmark explosive RDX (1,3,5‐trinitrotriazacyclohexane).