EQUIP工具在高中化学教师探究性教学水平测评中的应用研究

EQUIP测评工具是理科教师探究性教学水平分析方法系统,该系列量表深入评估探究课堂的时间利用、教学、话语、评价、课程等5个要素。选择2名骨干化学教师C和教师Y作为个案研究对象,以人教版《化学1》第3章金属及其化合物中典型的2节课进行课堂观察,应用探究性教学质量评价量表（EQUIP）测评工具分析探究性课堂教学的表现,结论如下：（1）探究性教学整体表现处于中等水平以下;（2）课堂探究活动顺序水平低;（3）教师为中心,互动偏少;（4）教学评价以理解知识为主,缺乏批判性思维培养;（5）探究性教学缺乏大观念建构。教学方式以引导和讲授为主,教学观是以教师为中心的讲授方式为主。     

基于FIAS的化学课堂师生言语行为个案研究

教师和学生的言语互动是教学活动最主要的方式,从某种意义上说,把握了课堂教学中师生言语行为也就把握了课堂教学的实质。本文以弗兰德斯互动分析系统（Flanders Interaction Analysis System,简称FIAS）为工具,对一节化学课的师生言语互动行为从课堂情感气氛、课堂结构、教师风格和提问的创新程度4个方面进行了定量分析,为课堂教学行为的实证研究提供了一种方法。     

基于CCITIAS的专家型化学教师实验课堂行为个案研究

以化学课堂及信息技术的互动分析编码系统（CCITIAS）为研究工具,对专家型化学教师的一节实验课堂的教学行为进行分析研究。发现专家型化学教师在课堂中灵活运用多种行为组合,促进师生高效语言互动,凸显课堂“留白”艺术,创设“时空化”实验课堂。     

基于课堂观察的教与学言语行为量化分析——以“水的组成”教学为例

选取全国初中化学优质课教师C的课堂教学视频作为研究对象,根据改进的言语互动分类工具进行课堂观察,采用信息熵理论模型对课堂中教师与学生语言及活动行为的丰富度进行定量分析,再进一步以学生-教师（S-T）分析法分析课堂教学类型。为教师优化课堂教学行为与学生学习行为提供支持,从而促进教师专业发展和学生学习方法的改进。     

“沉淀-溶解平衡概念应用”课堂教学中专家与新手教师语言行为的比较研究

采用课堂观察和弗兰德斯互动分析系统(FIAS),对新课程背景下"沉淀-溶解平衡的概念应用"教学中新手与专家教师的课堂教学语言行为进行了比较研究.结果发现新手和专家教师在课堂语言结构、教师倾向或风格、教师与学生情感气氛和课堂教学语言行为的组合等方面都存在较大差异.针对专家和新手教师语言行为的特征和差异,对新手教师语言行为的改进提出了建议.     

高中化学教师课堂教学诊断能力的影响因素研究

以在职高中化学教师为研究对象,通过问卷调查、访谈等方法对化学教师课堂教学诊断能力进行研究。研究发现,现阶段高中化学教师的课堂教学诊断能力在整体上处于中等偏上水平,虽没有系统认识课堂教学诊断,但存在课堂教学诊断行为,且聚焦在"诊教学内容""诊知识与技能"和"诊师生互动"等维度。高中化学教师对课堂教学诊断存在认识表层化、目标狭隘化的误区。不同类型学校、教龄、职称的高中化学教师的课堂教学诊断能力存在显著差异,其课堂教学诊断能力主要受诊断意识、教学经验、职业倦怠等内部因素与师资力量、课堂教学诊断氛围、学生等外部因素影响。从教师、学校、教育部门等方面,对高中化学教师课堂教学诊断能力的提高提出相应建议。     

LICC课堂观察模式在化学课堂教学评价中的应用

LICC课堂观察模式是近年研究出的一种听评课范式,它从4个方面解构课堂教学,为教师科学的研究课堂搭建观察框架,将教师带入到专业化的研究情境之中。本文介绍LICC模式的相关理论,并结合化学学科的特点,从学生学习、教师教学、课程性质、课堂文化4个维度进行观察点的设计,明确观察流程,探讨了该模式的实际应用。     

化学课堂教学行为特征解析——基于课堂教学系统CPUP模型理论的案例分析

依据课堂教学系统的CPUP模型理论,分析了“气体摩尔体积”课堂中教学行为对的频次、所用时间等特征和教学行为链的频次、所用时间及分布等特征。根据统计结果分析发现该节课有以下特点：学与教的活动多样化,学生能够主动参与课堂活动以及课堂教学节奏感较强、张弛有度。课堂教学系统的CPUP模型理论可以解析课堂教学行为,可以为探索课堂教学有效性及学生参与度等研究提供崭新的视角,可以为中学化学一线教师设计和诊断教学提供理论支撑和途径。     

男女化学教师课堂教学基元系统有效性的比较研究

基于教学行为视角,依据课堂教学系统CPUP模型理论和课堂教学基元系统有效性评价量表,通过对24位男女化学教师的24节常态课堂中基元系统有效性进行对比分析。结果发现,男女教师的主要差别表现为:在"时间利用的合理性"和"匹配度"2个维度上,女教师显著高于男教师;在"教学行为链实施质量" 和"资源和技术的使用质量"2个维度上,男教师显著高于女教师;而在总分和"基元内容的合理性"维度上,2者不存在显著差异。     

化学教学中开展案例教学的几点思考

本文提出了案例教学的基本概念和课堂结构,结合化学学科的特点,就课堂教学中如何开展案例教学讨论了几个问题:基本理念、基本内涵、教学目标、操作误区、实践环节、案例要求、教学评价、教学现状和课堂效益。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.