“沉淀-溶解平衡概念应用”课堂教学中专家与新手教师语言行为的比较研究

采用课堂观察和弗兰德斯互动分析系统(FIAS),对新课程背景下"沉淀-溶解平衡的概念应用"教学中新手与专家教师的课堂教学语言行为进行了比较研究.结果发现新手和专家教师在课堂语言结构、教师倾向或风格、教师与学生情感气氛和课堂教学语言行为的组合等方面都存在较大差异.针对专家和新手教师语言行为的特征和差异,对新手教师语言行为的改进提出了建议.     

专家-新手型教师“化学键”课堂教学行为特征分析

采用课堂观察和"教学行为对"分类理论,对新课程背景下新手与专家教师"化学键"课堂教学行为进行了个案比较研究。研究结果表明新手与专家教师在课堂教学行为方面存在较大差异。在总结新手和专家教师课堂教学行为特征和差异的基础上,对新手教师教学行为的改进提出了建议。     

化学理论课堂教学结构模型构建初探——基于课堂教学视频案例分析的研究

模块化结构的我国中学化学课程标准和新教材,需要寻求教学规律与课堂教学的组成、结构模型来支持课程目标的实施,将课堂教学视频案例研究作为新的研究方法,成为关注的热点。研究采用了课堂教学视频案例采集和教学结构维度的分析方法,选取了6个优秀化学理论课堂教学视频案例,应用“Videograph”视频分析软件从学生学习行为、教师教学行为和师生互动3个主要维度对案例进行分析、解读与比较。对教师课堂导入、新内容讲授（区分为教师启发式讲授和教师直接知识讲授）、师生课堂探究（区分为教师演示实验探究和学生自主探究）、师生课堂探究讨论（区分为学生小组探究讨论、师生互动问答讨论）、课堂练习、课堂小结、其他活动等7个部分进行了编码分析和特征解读。初步提出了化学理论课堂教学结构的时间模型。     

化学课堂教学行为特征解析——基于课堂教学系统CPUP模型理论的案例分析

依据课堂教学系统的CPUP模型理论,分析了“气体摩尔体积”课堂中教学行为对的频次、所用时间等特征和教学行为链的频次、所用时间及分布等特征。根据统计结果分析发现该节课有以下特点：学与教的活动多样化,学生能够主动参与课堂活动以及课堂教学节奏感较强、张弛有度。课堂教学系统的CPUP模型理论可以解析课堂教学行为,可以为探索课堂教学有效性及学生参与度等研究提供崭新的视角,可以为中学化学一线教师设计和诊断教学提供理论支撑和途径。     

新手熟手初中化学教师课堂教学行为特征的比较研究*——以“酸和碱”单元教学为例

通过对新手化学教师和熟手化学教师各4节“酸和碱”单元常态课堂中教师使用教学行为链、教学行为对在时间和频次等方面的特征进行对比分析发现,在教学行为链上,新、熟手化学教师都会在较高水平的教学行为链上花费更多的时间,熟手化学教师高水平教学行为链在频次上的占比要优于新手化学教师,在不同教学行为链时间安排上的合理性要更高一些;在教学行为对上,新、熟手化学教师都多以“问”和“讲”,学生多以“答”的方式来展开课堂活动,熟手化学教师在每一次“动”和“思”上所用时间要明显高于新手化学教师,学生参与课堂的水平上,熟手化学教师要优于新手化学教师。得出如下启示:与熟手化学教师相比,新手化学教师应有效地组织和安排课堂教学行为,注重对“酸和碱”学科内容本身及其教学的驾驭。无论是熟手还是新手化学教师均应进一步给予学生课堂参与的机会。     

新课程背景下重构初中化学课堂教学评价方案

从我国第8次基础教育课程改革的现实出发,以化学教育理念、教师教学方式、学生学习方式的彻底变革为平台,论述了重构初中化学课堂教学评价应遵循的原则,并从“教师行为”、“学生行为”2个层面围绕“三维目标”的实施过程,设计了提高学生课堂学习效率为目标的课堂教学评价方案。     

新手-熟手化学教师课堂教学行为及其所用时间的比较研究

通过对新手教师和熟手教师的6节常态课堂中教学行为及其所用时间进行对比分析,发现了熟手教师无论在课堂教学行为链的数目比例分配还是所用时间比例分配上均要好于新手教师。新手教师为了更好地完成向熟手教师的转变,在平时的课堂教学中应当注重合理安排各类型的教学行为链的数目比例和所用时间比例,应当多采用一些高水平的教学行为链以及多投入一些时间在高水平的教学行为链上。     

新课程背景下的有效课堂——高中化学课堂教师教学行为有效性访谈

通过对某市几所高中学校教师与学生的访谈,就高中化学课堂教师有效教学行为的现状、存在问题进行分析,为教师在新课程改革中反思与调节自身的教学活动提供依据,也为教师行为的应然提供事实依据。     

开放性与实效性并重的教学设计——以“铝 金属材料”教学为例

随着新课改的逐步推广,教师在日常课堂中越来越关注学生学习的主体性,课堂学习环境的开放度逐渐扩大。随着课堂开放性的增大,如何落实课堂教学的实效性暴露出了诸多问题。如何能使课堂教学开放性与实效性并重?笔者以自己实际教学的具体的案例进行了分析阐述。     

通过课堂观察法比较中等生和优等生的化学课堂学习行为——以"弱电解质的电离"为例

课堂是学生学习的主要场所,本研究通过观察一节化学常态课,对比分析中等生和优等生的化学课堂学习行为.研究发现:学生在化学课堂上体现的主体性不明显,课堂活动以教师为主;优等生在化学课堂表现出学习的投入程度、专注度都比中等生要高;中等生已有的认知结构、元认知策略的不足以及畏难情绪大大影响了他们课堂的有效学习;小组合作学习能大...     

Foaming behavior,cellular structure and physical properties of polybenzoxazine foams

In this paper, polymer foams based on a benzoxazine resin have been successfully prepared using azodicarbonamide (ADC) as a chemical blowing agent and have been characterized regarding their foaming behavior, cellular structure, and physical properties. The effect of the ADC on the curing process of the resin was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and blowing agent decomposition was followed by thermogravitmetric analysis (TGA). The characterization of the cellular structure of the foamed samples was done using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the foams were determined using compression tests and the thermal conductivity was assessed using the transient plane source method. The results indicated that the curing process and gas release took place in a similar time interval. The foams showed an isotropic cellular structure with relative densities in the range 0.35–0.60, and showed compressive strengths and compressive moduli in the range of 10–70 MPa and 400–1100 MPa, respectively. Thermal conductivities were in the range of 0.06–0.12 W m^?1K^?1. The findings in this paper demonstrate the possibility of producing polybenzoxazine foams using a simple process in which curing and foaming take place simultaneously. In addition, the mechanical characterization of these materials indicates that they are suitable for structural applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic polyesters and polyethers derived from 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethylene

New polyarylates and aromatic polyethers were synthesized from 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethylene, and aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides and aromatic dihalides, respectively. The polyarylates having inherent viscosities of 0.28–1.05 dL/g were synthesized by either the two-phase method or the high-temperature solution method. All the polymers were easily soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, m-cresol, 1,4-dioxane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. They have glass transition temperatures in the range of 217–250°C and showed no weight loss below 315°C in both air and nitrogen atmospheres. Aromatic polyethers with inherent viscosities of 0.85–1.21 dL/g were obtained by the polycondensation of 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethylene and aromatic difluorides in the presence of potassium carbonate. These polymers having glass transion temperatures of 193–220°C were also soluble in the aforementioned solvents and stable up to around 350deg;C in both atmospheres. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Alkyl chains length dependent fluorescence emission and reversible mechanofluorochromism of AIEE-based quinoline derivatives

Five quinoline derivatives containing different alkyl chains (QLACn, n?=?2, 4, 6, 8, 12) were synthesized to investigate the effect of alkyl chains on their photophysical properties. The fluorescent properties of the QLACn were affected by the alkyl chains, which indicated obvious blue-shifting trend and fluorescence emission are alkyl chains length-dependent by grinding-induced spectral shifts (Δλ_MFC). Longer alkyl-length revealed larger Δλ_MFC. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicated that the transformation between microcrystalline and amorphous states upon external stimuli should be responsible for the observed reversible MFC behavior.     

Crystallization behavior and morphology of poly(butylene succinate) modified with rosin maleopimaric acid anhydride

The melting behavior, crystallization behavior, and morphology of PBSR, which is Poly(butylene succinate) modified with rosin maleopimaric acid anhydride (RMA), were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscope (POM). The multiple endotherms were ascribed to the recrystallization during DSC measurement and the equilibrium melting temperature determined by the Peak L, which was associated with the fusion of the crystals grown by normal primary crystallization, was 125.9 °C. After the kinetic parameters for isothermal crystallization of PBSR were determined by Avrami equation, to make a detailed regime transition analysis, the well‐established Lauritzen–Hoffman equation was employed. The results indicated that there were two regimes, regime II and regime III, in the range of higher and lower crystallization temperature, respectively. The regime transition temperature is about 81 °C. At last, the spherulitic morphologies of PBSR after being crystallized isothermally at different temperature were observed with the help of POM. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2694–2704, 2005     

Effects of molecular weight on the crystallization and melting behaviors of poly(L-lactide)

In this study, a series of monodispersed poly(L-lactide)(PLLA) were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization with Schiff base aluminum catalyst, and the effects of the number-average molecular weight(Mn) on the crystallization and melting behaviors of PLLA were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD). The total crystallization rate of PLLA was Mn-dependent, which reached the maximum value for PLLA with Mn of 18.6 kg/mol. In addition, when Mn of PLLA was 18.6 kg/mol, the melting enthalpy(ΔHm) showed a maximum value(87.1 J/g), which was the highest reported value till now. The critical temperature for change of crystal formation from ?-form to ?-form crystals increased in the isothermal crystallization process with Mn increasing. In the reheating procedure, high-Mn PLLA demonstrated a small exothermal peak prior to the dominant melting peak, corresponding to crystal transition from ?- to ?-form, but low-Mn PLLA didn't show the peak of crystal transition. These different crystallization and melting behaviors were attributed to the different chain mobility of PLLA with different Mn.     

Effect of Mineral Salts on Steady Rheological Properties of Nonionic Hydrophobically Modified Polyacrylamide and Its Stress-Relaxation Behavior

A micelle-forming polymerizable surfactant monomer, octylphenol polyoxyethylene acrylate (OP-10-AC), was synthesized, and then OP-10-AC was copolymerized with acrylamide (AM) to form nonionic hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide P(AM/OP-10-AC) through micellar copolymerization. In the absence of surfactants, it was investigated in detail that the effect of mineral salts and temperature on steady rheological properties of P(AM/OP-10-AC) solutions and the effect of concentrations on reduced viscosity of P(AM/OP-10-AC) in a dilute solution. The results indicate that concentrations of the copolymer, mineral salts and temperature had a strong influence on shear viscosity of P(AM/OP-10-AC) solutions, and the trend of reduced viscosity of P(AM/OP-10-AC) solutions was distinctly different from polyacrylamide with increasing concentrations of testing solutions. In addition, it was also investigated that stress-relaxation behavior of an aqueous solution of P(AM/OP-10-AC)/KCl. As a result, a stress-relaxation model of the copolymer solutions was proposed, which can further verify the correctness of the conclusion on stress-relaxation behavior of hydrophobic association hydrogels in the paper reported previously.     

聚丙烯/无机纳米粒子复合材料的发泡行为

利用型腔体积可控注塑发泡装备制备聚丙烯/无机纳米粒子微发泡复合材料,通过复合材料的流变行为和结晶行为,分析了无机纳米粒子对聚丙烯发泡行为的影响。结果表明:无机纳米粒子有促进气泡异相成核作用,同时无机纳米粒子引入可以提高聚丙烯黏弹响应和降温结晶起始温度,起到了抑制泡孔结构恶化的作用,显著改善了聚丙烯的泡孔结构;在聚丙烯材料中添加纳米CaCO3、纳米OMMT、纳米SiO2进行发泡,以PP/OMMT发泡材料的发泡质量最理想,其泡孔密度和尺寸分别为2×106个/cm3和24.2μm。     

Synthesis and properties of new block copolymers based on polydimethylsiloxane and tetraphenylethylene-containing polyimide

New polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-polyimide block copolymers were synthesized by the solution polycondensation of aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)-2,2-diphenylethylene, and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dithioanhydride in pyridine. New 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane (BADS)-based random copolyimides were also prepared. The inherent viscosities of all the random and block copolyimides were in the range of 0.13–0.90 dL/g in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. These copolymers were soluble in N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and m-cresol. All the BADS-based random copolymers and PDMS-containing copolymers with PDMS content above 42 wt % were soluble in tetrahydrofuran and chloroform. Transparent or somewhat cpaque films were prepared by casting from the reaction solutions. The BADS-based random copolyimides had one glass transition temperature (T_g) in the whole composition ranges, which showed single phase nature of the copolymers. On the other hand, the PDMS-polyimide block copolymers had double T_gS, indicating phase-separated morphology. The block copolymers containing PDMS content above 73 wt % behaved like a high temperature elastomer. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

对称偶氮苯的合成及性质

以Cu(Ⅰ)催化的氨基偶联反应为关键步骤,合成了末端各带3条柔性烷基链的最简单小分子偶氮凝胶剂——对称偶氮苯化合物A;通过~1H NMR,~(13)C NMR和元素分析鉴定了其结构;采用紫外光谱和SEM等手段对其性质进行了表征.凝胶实验结果表明,该化合物能在极性、非极性有机溶剂中形成凝胶,且该凝胶在紫外光和可见光照射下能够发生凝胶-溶液的可逆转化.SEM表征结果表明,该凝胶具有由纤维束聚集成的三维网状结构,此外还具有热响应性和机械响应性.紫外光谱测试结果表明,该化合物具有光响应性.     

铁取代钨硅酸盐位置异构体的合成、表征及电化学性质

取代型杂多酸盐（ HPC）具有金属卟啉的类似结构 ,它可以代替金属卟啉在很多反应中作催化剂 [1],被称为无机金属卟啉。 Hill[2],Neumann[3]分别报道了过渡元素单取代的杂多阴离子 [PW11M(H2O)O39]n－, [SiW11Ru(H2O)O39]n－对烯烃环氧化反应具有催化活性。目前,在单取代的杂多配合物中,β异构体的报道很少,我们发现,某些单取代金属衍生物中,β异构体具有良好的催化活性,具有明显的应用前景。继过去的工作 [4],我们又研究了过渡元素取代的 11-系列杂多阴离子的某些性质。有关α-XW11Fe(H2O)O39n－（ X=Si, P, Ge, As…