MgO和Au纳米颗粒共修饰g-C3N4光催化剂增强CO2-H2O光催化反应过程

光催化CO₂还原制备太阳燃料被广泛关注并逐渐形成研究热点,该过程利用可再生清洁能源太阳能,在低温低压的温和条件下驱动CO₂还原制备CO、CH₄、CH3OH等燃料气体或者高附加值的碳氢化合物.半导体光催化剂能够将清洁的太阳能有效地转化为化学能,其中,g-C₃N₄由于其成本低、毒性低、稳定性高和带隙窄等优点,被广泛应用于光催化领域.然而,纯g-C₃N₄具有光利用效率低和光生电子-空穴复合率高的缺点,导致光催化活性相对较低.因此,需要对g-C₃N₄进行修饰改性来提高其光催化性能.一方面,MgO具有强大的CO₂吸附能力,可用于修饰半导体以提高光催化还原CO₂的反应活性.另一方面,助催化剂尤其是贵金属,不仅能够捕获电子以提高光生电子-空穴对的分离效率,而且还能提供反应的活性位点.本文通过沉淀和煅烧法制备了不同复合量的MgO-g-C₃N₄催化剂,同时负载贵金属Au作为助催化剂,用于光催化CO₂和H2O反应,考察MgO含量和不同贵金属助催化剂对光催化活性的影响.发现Au和3%MgO共改性的g-C₃N₄光催化剂上表现出最佳的光催化性能,3 h后CO,CH₄,CH3OH和CH3CHO的产量分别高达423.9、83.2、47.2和130.4μmol/g.本文分别研究了MgO和贵金属Au作为助催化剂对光催化行为的影响.XPS结果表明,Au/MgO-g-C₃N₄纳米片中形成了Mg–N键;UV-vis漫反射光谱表明Au/MgO-g-C₃N₄复合催化剂能够大大地增强紫外和可见光的吸收,且Au纳米颗粒具有表示等离子体共振(SPR)效应;PL光谱、TRPL光谱和光电化学测试都显示了MgO和Au的加入可以有效地提高光生电荷载流子的分离效率,这是由于Mg–N键的存在以及Au纳米颗粒对电子的捕获作用.CO₂吸附曲线证明了MgO的存在能够增强对CO₂的吸附;CO₂-TPD测试则表明CO₂的有效吸附主要发生在MgO和Au纳米颗粒的界面处,而该界面正是光生电子和活化吸附后的CO₂反应的活性位点.值得注意的是,在Au/3%MgO-g-C₃N₄三元催化剂上CO的产量是纯g-C₃N₄的29倍.实验和表征结果均表明,MgO和Au的共修饰显著提高了纯g-C₃N₄的光催化活性,这是由于三元光催化剂各组分之间的协同作用所致.助催化剂MgO可以激活CO₂(吸附在MgO和Au颗粒之间的界面),并且MgO-g-C₃N₄纳米片中形成的Mg-N键在电荷转移中起着重要作用.同时,Au颗粒修饰的MgO-g-C₃N₄可以通过SPR效应增加可见光的吸收,并进一步降低H2O对CO₂的光还原活化能;且Au纳米颗粒能够捕获电子,从而促进光生载流子的分离.本研究通过MgO和Au纳米颗粒共修饰的方法改性传统的光催化剂,具有光催化还原CO₂的应用前景.     

Ga-C3N4单原子催化剂高效光驱动CO2环加成

通过配位锚定策略制备了一种高Ga单原子负载量(质量分数8.42%)的C₃N₄纳米片(Ga-C₃N₄), 用于高效光驱动CO₂环加成反应. 研究结果表明, Ga-C₃N₄中Ga单原子和均匀分布的N位点可分别作为Lewis酸/碱位点来活化环氧化合物和CO₂. 此外, Ga-C₃N₄具有优异的半导体特性, 在光照下产生的光生电子可以显著加快环氧化合物的开环速率, 即提升决速步骤的反应效率. 通过多功能协同, Ga-C₃N₄在光照下实现了CO₂到环状碳酸酯的高效催化转化.     

一步热聚合法制备K、Mn共掺杂g-C3N4复合光催化剂应用于CO2还原

以尿素和KMnO₄为原料,采用一步热聚合法制备了K、 Mn共掺杂g-C₃N₄复合催化剂,并将其应用于光催化CO₂还原. XRD、 FT-IR、 TEM-EDS、 XPS表征结果表明, K和Mn元素成功地共掺杂到g-C₃N₄骨架构成n-π*共轭形式,部分Mn元素以MnO₂的形式存在.通过色谱对产物进行检测,所有样品的主要产物为CO和CH₄,其中K、Mn共掺杂g-C₃N₄样品较纯的g-C₃N₄样品表现出更高的CO和CH₄产率,最高分别是纯g-C₃N₄的1.82倍和2.18倍.表征发现, K、 Mn共掺杂g-C₃N₄复合催化剂的CO₂还原性能的提升得益于扩展的可见光利用率和光致载流子的加速分离和转移.     

Fe/g-C3N4表面改性及其对CO加氢产物分布的影响

采用尿素热缩合法制备了氮化碳(g-C₃N₄),经H₂O₂、NH₃·H₂O处理、浸渍法负载Fe制得改性Fe/g-C₃N₄,对比研究了改性前后催化剂的CO加氢性能。结合XRD、SEM、FT-IR、CO₂-TPD、CO-TPD、H₂-TPR、接触角测试和N₂物理吸附-脱附等系列表征,探究了表面预处理对Fe/g-C₃N₄催化剂织构性质以及CO加氢产物分布的影响。结果表明,不同改性方法对催化剂的织构性质和CO加氢性能影响显著。尿素热缩合法制备的g-C₃N₄具有典型蜂窝状结构,Fe与g-C₃N₄相互作用较强,且高度分散;改性前后样品均呈亲水性,且H₂O₂、 NH₃·...     

负载型Pd-Cu催化剂的制备及富氢气氛下CO优先氧化性能

分别以Al₂O₃, SiO₂和C₃N₄为载体, 通过简单浸渍法制备了3种负载型Pd-Cu催化剂(PC-Al₂O₃, PC-SiO₂, PC-C₃N₄), 考察了其在室温下富氢气氛中CO优先氧化反应性能. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 氮气物理吸附仪(N₂-physisorption)、 氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、 二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(In situ DRIFTS)等手段对其进行了表征. 结果表明, 与PC-SiO₂和PC-C₃N₄相比, PC-Al₂O₃具有更高的CO优先氧化性能. 这是由于PC-Al₂O₃上形成了大量与Pd物种具有强相互作用的Cu₂Cl(OH)₃物种; 而PC-SiO₂中仅有少量的Cu₂Cl(OH)₃, 且与Pd物种相互作用较弱; PC-C₃N₄中Cu物种则更易与C₃N₄基质配位, 由此削弱了Pd, Cu之间的相互作用. 在反应气氛下PC-Al₂O₃表面还易形成具有更强CO活化能力的Pd⁺物种, 通过与大量Cu⁺物种紧密相互作用, 在一定程度上抑制Pd⁺被过度还原为Pd⁰, 从而维持了其催化活性. 与SiO₂和C₃N₄相比, Al₂O₃更适合负载Pd-Cu用于富氢气氛下CO优先氧化反应.     

Pd/C催化剂用于CO2电化学还原生成CO:Pd载量的影响

CO₂电化学还原反应可以将CO₂转化为燃料并同时实现再生能源的有效存储. 目前纳米结构的多相催化剂已经广泛应用于此反应,其中碳负载钯纳米粒子（Pd/C）表现出优异的CO₂电化学还原性能. 本工作研究了钯载量对于Pd/C催化剂结构以及其催化CO₂还原生成CO反应活性和选择性的影响. 不同载量的Pd/C催化剂通过液相还原方法制备,钯纳米粒子均匀地分散在碳载体上,载量并没有明显改变对纳米粒子的粒径. 在优选的电解质（0.1 mol·L^-1 KHCO₃）中,CO法拉第效率与载量呈现火山型曲线关系,-0.89 V时载量为20wt%的Pd/C催化剂达到最高的CO法拉第效率(91.2%). 生成CO的几何电流密度随着钯载量的增加而增加,但CO转换频率具有相反的趋势,载量为2.5wt%的Pd/C催化剂具有最高的转换频率. 这种载量对CO₂电化学还原反应活性和选择性的影响主要由活性位的数量、反应动力学、中间物种的稳定性以及反应物、中间物种和产物的传质过程等共同决定.     

生物油部分氧化气化制备合成气研究

以生物油为原料,在常压和空气氛围下进行非催化部分氧化气化实验制备合成气,考察了气化温度、氧油比对合成气形成特性及合成气品质的影响,并对生物油非催化部分氧化气化制备合成气的主要反应过程进行了讨论。结果表明,升高温度可以促进生物油经非催化部分氧化气化制合成气过程中相关转化反应的进行,合适的氧油比有利于合成气的增加。当温度为1 050℃,空气量为0.2 L/min,进料量为72 g/h时,生物油经部分氧化产生的气体中H₂含量最高,CH₄、CO和CO₂很少;H₂/CO和H₂/(CO+CO₂)均达到最大值,分别为4.3和3.2。     

蜂窝状C3N4/CoSe2/GA复合光催化剂的制备及CO2还原性能

以六水金氯化钴、 硒粉和尿素为前驱体, 通过水热法合成C₃N₄/CoSe₂纳米粒子, 再将其锚定在石墨烯气凝胶（Graphene aerogel, GA）表面, 制备蜂窝状C₃N₄/CoSe₂/GA光催化剂. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等手段对材料的结构、 形貌和光学性能进行表征. 同时以氙灯作为模拟可见光光源, 通过CO₂光催化还原为CO考察所制备纳米材料的光催化活性. 结果表明, 在C₃N₄纳米片表面引入了CoSe₂和GA并制备出蜂窝状结构 C₃N₄/CoSe₂/GA催化剂, 通过GA, CoSe₂与C₃N₄耦合可以显著提高光吸收密度以及扩展光响应范围, 呈现了更低的荧光强度和最大的电子转移速率. 在同种光催化下, C₃N₄/CoSe₂/GA对CO₂还原催化效率最大, CO产量达到5.75 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 并且重复使用性能良好.     

g-C3N4/BiVO4复合催化剂的制备及应用于光催化还原CO2的性能

用简单的超声分散法合成了具有可见光响应的类石墨氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)/BiVO₄复合光催化剂. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), X射线光电子能谱(XPS), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 透射电子显微镜(TEM), 紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光谱, 傅里叶红外变换(FTIR)光谱, 荧光发射谱(PL)和光电流响应等技术对所制备催化剂进行相关表征. 通过可见光下(λ> 420 nm)光催化还原CO₂的性能来评价样品的光催化活性, 发现不同复合比的催化剂中, 含40% (w) g-C₃N₄的复合催化剂表现出最高的光催化活性, 其催化活性分别为纯g-C₃N₄纳米片和纯BiVO₄的催化活性的2倍和4倍.光催化活性增加的主要原因是g-C₃N₄和BiVO₄之间形成了异质结, 且相互间能级匹配, 有利于光生电子和空穴的分离.     

Pt-C3N4/BiOCl S型异质结应用于光催化CO2还原的理论计算研究(英文)

光催化CO₂还原制备可再生的碳氢燃料为缓解温室效应、解决能源短缺问题提供了一个可行的办法。然而,单一组分光催化剂的CO₂还原活性非常低。一是因为光生载流子的快速复合导致光子效率很低。二是因为CO₂的活化需要较高的能垒。对此,研究人员作出了许多改进以提高CO₂还原性能。例如,发展S型异质结可以增强载流子的分离和光催化剂的氧化还原能力,引入金属单原子助催化剂可以优化反应热力学。因此,协同利用S型异质结和金属单原子修饰将能同时促进载流子的转移和CO₂还原反应过程。本文构建了由单原子Pt负载的g-C₃N₄和BiOCl组成的Pt-C₃N₄/BiOCl异质结模型。用密度泛函理论计算研究了其光催化性能,包括几何结构和电子性质的探索、CO₂转化过程的模拟。差分电荷密度结果表明g-C₃N₄中的电子转移至BiOCl,这是由于g-C₃     

通过g-C3N4担载MNi12 (Fe,Co, Cu,Zn)纳米团簇调节甲烷化

As a unique two-dimensional material, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has received significant attention for its particular electronic structure and chemical performance. Its instinctive defect can provide a stable anchoring site for metals, potentially improving the surface reactivity. Ni-based catalysts are economical but their activity for CO₂ methanation is lower than that of noble metal catalysts. Ni nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a substrate can further enhance the stability and activity of catalysts. Based on the principles of strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) and the synergistic effect on an alloy, MNi₁₂/g-C₃N₄ composites as novel catalysts are expected to improve stability and catalytic performance of Ni-based catalysts. The configurations are established with core-shell structures of MNi₁₂ (M = Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on g-C₃N₄ in this work. In the CO₂ methanation reaction, the reactivity of CO on slab (E_CO) is a critical factor, which is relative to the catalytic activity. Thus, the catalytic reactivity of these complexes via CO adsorption were explored using density functional theory (DFT). The values of cohesive energy (E_coh) for MNi₁₂ NPs range from -39.90 eV to -34.82 eV, suggesting that the formation of these NPs is favored as per thermodynamics, and E_coh and partial density of state (PDOS) reveal that the central M atom with the less filled d-shell interacts more strongly with surface Ni atoms. Therefore, ZnNi₁₂ is the most unstable structure among all the studied alloy, and the synergistic effect is also the weakest among them. When MNi₁₂ NPs are supported on the g-C₃N₄ substrate, the binding energies (E_b) vary from -9.40 eV to -8.39 eV, indicating that g-C₃N₄ is indeed a good material for stabilizing these NPs. The PDOS analysis of pure g-C₃N₄ suggests the sp² dangling bonds of N atoms in g-C₃N₄ can stabilize these transition metal NPs. Furthermore, the results of CO adsorbed on MNi₁₂ NPs and MNi₁₂/g-C₃N₄ composites show that E_CO and d_CO reduced with the introduction of g-C₃N₄. According to the results of the analysis of the Hirshfeld charges and electrostatic potential (ESP), the reason is that CO obtains less electrons from MNi₁₂ NPs after deposition on the g-C₃N₄ substrate, which lowers the reactivity of CO on catalysts. Additionally, the deformation charge density is analyzed to investigate the interaction between the NPs and g-C₃N₄. With the introduction of g-C₃N₄, charge redistribution indicates the strong metal-support interaction, which further reduces the CO adsorption energy. In summary, MNi₁₂ supported on g-C₃N₄ exhibit not only high stability but also tunable reactivity in CO₂ methanation. These changes are beneficial for CO₂ methanation reaction.     

Mg-Ni/BaTiO_3催化剂上CH_4/CO_2重整反应研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了MgO改性的一系列Mg-Ni/BaTiO3催化剂,并在固定床反应装置上考察了这些催化剂对CO2重整CH4反应的催化活性。结果表明,MgO质量负载为5%的Mg-Ni/BaTiO3催化剂活性最好。考察了不同浸渍顺序对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明,先浸镁盐后浸镍盐制得的催化剂催化性能更为理想。XRD、TPR和TPD表征发现,与催化剂Ni/BaTiO3相比,MgO的添加有利于提高催化剂的催化活性和抗积炭性能,对催化剂起到了良好的改性作用。     

水热法Fe-Mn催化剂制备及其合成气制低碳烯烃催化活性

以水热合成法制备了K原位改性的Fe-Mn催化剂,考察了其CO加氢合成低碳烯烃催化活性。采用SEM、TEM、XRD、H₂-TPR和FT-IR等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,制备的催化剂前驱体呈50~70 nm的球形颗粒,表面富含羰基和羟基,物相组成以Fe₃O₄为主,用于反应后有Fe₅C₂和MnCO₃相生成。与共沉淀法制备催化剂相比,在设定的反应条件下,不同K含量改性的催化剂均具有较高的活性,以原料配比Fe:Mn:C₆:K=3:1:5:0.10的催化剂性能最佳,CO转化率达95.02%,总低碳烯烃收率为62.86 g/m³(H₂+CO),CH₄和CO₂选择性分别为13.88%和13.98%。     

理论计算研究二维/二维BP/g-C3N4异质结的光催化CO2还原性能

Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to hydrocarbon compounds is a promising method for addressing energy shortages and environmental pollution. Considerable efforts have been devoted to exploring valid strategies to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. Among various modification methods, the hybridization of different photocatalysts is effective for addressing the shortcomings of a single photocatalyst and enhancing its CO₂ reduction performance. In addition, metal-free materials such as g-C₃N₄ and black phosphorus (BP) are attractive because of their unique structures and electronic properties. Many experimental results have verified the superior photocatalytic activity of a BP/g-C₃N₄ composite. However, theoretical understanding of the intrinsic mechanism of the activity enhancement is still lacking. Herein, the geometric structures, optical absorption, electronic properties, and CO₂ reduction reaction processes of 2D/2D BP/g-C₃N₄ composite models are investigated using density functional theory calculations. The composite model consists of a monolayer of BP and a tri-s-triazine-based monolayer of g-C₃N₄. Based on the calculated work function, it is inferred that electrons transfer from g-C₃N₄ to BP owing to the higher Fermi level of g-C₃N₄ compared with that of BP. Furthermore, the charge density difference suggests the formation of a built-in electric field at the interface, which is conducive to the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The optical absorption coefficient demonstrates that the light absorption of the composite is significantly higher than that of its single-component counterpart. Integrated analysis of the band edge potential and interfacial electronic interaction indicates that the migration of photogenerated charge carriers in the BP/g-C₃N₄ hybrid follows the S-scheme photocatalytic mechanism. Under visible-light irradiation, the photogenerated electrons on BP recombine with the photogenerated holes on g-C₃N₄, leaving photogenerated electrons and holes in the conduction band of g-C₃N₄ and the valence band of BP, respectively. Compared with pristine g-C₃N₄, this S-scheme heterojunction allows efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers while effectively preserving strong redox abilities. Additionally, the possible reaction path for CO₂ reduction on g-C₃N₄ and BP/g-C₃N₄ is discussed by computing the free energy of each step. It was found that CO₂ reduction on the composite occurs most readily on the g-C₃N₄ side. The reaction path on the composite is different from that on g-C₃N₄. The heterojunction reduces the maximum energy barrier for CO₂ reduction from 1.48 to 1.22 eV, following the optimal reaction path. Consequently, the BP/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction is theoretically proven to be an excellent CO₂ reduction photocatalyst. This work is helpful for understanding the effect of BP modification on the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄. It also provides a theoretical basis for the design of other high-performance CO₂ reduction photocatalysts.      

g-C3N4表面改性及其光催化制H2与CO2还原研究进展

Solar energy is the largest renewable energy source in the world and the primary energy source of wind energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, and fossil fuel. Photocatalysis technology is a sunlight-driven chemical reaction process on the surface of photocatalysts that can generate H₂ from water, decompose organic contaminants, and reduce CO₂ into organic fuels. As a metal-free polymeric material, graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted significant attention because of its special band structure, easy fabrication, and low costs. However, some bottlenecks still limit its photocatalytic performance. To date, numerous strategies have been employed to optimize the photoelectric properties of g-C₃N₄, such as element doping, functional group modification, and construction of heterojunctions. Remarkably, these modification strategies are strongly associated with the surface behavior of g-C₃N₄, which plays a key role in efficient photocatalytic performance. In this review, we endeavor to provide a comprehensive summary of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts prepared through typical surface modification strategies (surface functionalization and construction of heterojunctions) and elaborate their special light-excitation and response mechanism, photo-generated carrier transfer route, and surface catalytic reaction in detail under visible-light irradiation. Moreover, the potential applications of the surface-modified g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic H₂ generation and reduction of CO₂ into fuels are summarized. Finally, based on the current research, the key challenges that should be further studied and overcome are highlighted. The following are the objectives that future studies need to focus on: (1) Although considerable effort has been made to develop a surface modification strategy for g-C₃N₄, its photocatalytic efficiency is still too low to meet industrial application standards. The currently obtained solar-to‑hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of g-C₃N₄ for H₂ generation is approximately 2%, which is considerably lower than the commercial standards of 10%. Thus, the regulation of the surface/textural properties and electronic band structure of g-C₃N₄ should be further elucidated to improve its photocatalytic performance. (2) Significant challenges remain in the design and construction of g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts by facile, low-cost, and reliable methods. To overcome the limitations of conventional heterojunctions thoroughly, a promising S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic system was recently reported. The study further clarifies the charge transfer route and mechanism during the catalytic process. Thus, the rational design and synthesis of g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunctions will attract extensive scientific interest in the next few years in this field. (3) First-principle calculation is an effective strategy to study the optical, electrical, magnetic, and other physicochemical properties of surface strategy modified g-C₃N₄, providing important information to reveal the charge transfer path and intrinsic catalytic mechanism. As a result, density functional theory (DFT) computation will be paid increasing attention and widely applied in surface-modified g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts.     

Polymeric Carbon Nitride-based Single Atom Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction to C1 Products

Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to C₁ fuels is considered to be an important way for alleviating increasingly serious energy crisis and environmental pollution. Due to the environment-friendly, simple preparation, easy formation of highly-stable metal-nitrogen(M-N_x) coordination bonds, and suitable band structure, polymeric carbon nitride-based single-atom catalysts(C₃N₄-based SACs) are expected to become a potential for CO₂ reduction under visible-light irradiation. In this review, we summarize the recent advancement on C₃N₄-based SACs for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to C₁ products, including the reaction mechanism for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to C₁ products, the structure and synthesis methods of C₃N₄-based SACs and their applications toward photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction(CO₂RR) for C₁ production. The current challenges and future opportunities of C₃N₄-based SACs for photoreduction of CO₂ are also discussed.