间接驱动快点火锥壳靶锥体材料燃料混合问题研究

与中心点火相比,快点火将压缩和点火过程分开,大大放宽了对压缩对称性和驱动能量的要求。通过在神光Ⅱ激光装置上开展了快点火锥壳靶预压缩实验研究,利用X射线背光分幅照相方法观察到了清晰完整的快点火锥壳靶内爆压缩过程,并利用阿贝反演结合剩余烧蚀质量的方法得到了不同时刻燃料密度、面密度分布数据,当前实验条件下获得的最大压缩密度和面密度分别为30g/cm3和50mg/cm2;为解决金柱腔M带对导引锥的预热以及由此导致的燃料-锥体材料混合问题,提出了一种在锥体表面镀低Z材料的方法,实验和辐射流体数值模拟结果验证了该方法的有效性,该方法的成功解决了间接驱动快点火激光聚变的重要关键技术问题。     

通过理论定标律研究激光间接驱动的参数空间

系统地梳理了激光间接驱动点火靶内爆压缩的物理过程,使用理论方法和一维流体力学模拟给出了靶丸内爆过程中的关键定标律公式。通过这些定标律公式获得了在给定黑腔辐射温度、飞行熵增因子、整形速度和烧蚀材料的条件下,靶丸装量——半径参数空间的点火岛区域。研究了靶丸性能参数随辐射温度、飞行熵增因子等的变化规律:当靶丸所处黑腔辐射温度升高时,内爆的稳定性将变好;设计上在靶丸装量不变的条件下,靶丸半径需要减小。当靶丸的飞行熵增因子增大时,内爆增益略微减小,内爆稳定性变好;但是点火阈值因子减小导致点火岛的区域变窄。当靶丸的整形速度增大时,点火岛的区域略微变大,内爆稳定性变化不显著;设计上在靶丸装量不变的条件下,需要增大靶丸半径,这会导致靶丸壳层形状因子变大。当改变靶丸烧蚀材料,提高质量烧蚀速率与烧蚀压时,能量增益变大且稳定性增强;设计上在靶丸装量不变的条件下,需要减小靶丸半径。     

激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变二维总体程序——LARED集成程序

介绍了辐射流体力学程序LARED集成程序的物理背景、模型方程、数值方法和数值算例。该程序主要应用于激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变的二维整体模拟,兼顾激光直接驱动、辐射驱动靶丸内爆过程和流体不稳定性等物理过程的数值模拟。通过与实验数据、一维辐射流体力学程序进行比对,验证了程序的可靠性。该程序实现了多群输运建模下NIF点火靶的全过程数值模拟,并已应用于惯性约束聚变的物理研究。     

点火黑腔二维模拟设计

基于二维激光靶耦合流体力学程序,研究设计惯性约束聚变间接驱动点火黑腔的方法.提出先调控X射线驱动温度再调控辐照均匀性的设计顺序.给出总激光功率(特别是主脉冲激光功率)的设计方法.模拟表明,填充气体密度的上限受到槽脉冲P²辐照不均匀性的限制.另外,增加腔长可以抑制靶丸烧蚀层物质的膨胀.最后给出点火黑腔二维设计结果.     

一种激光驱动高压状态方程绝对测量方法的探索

数值模拟了激光直接驱动铝飞片空腔靶的物理过程,模拟结果表明,如果靶结构参数与激光条件匹配,飞片与靶可以近似实现对称碰撞,而且冲击波在靶中存在稳定传播区,采用结构参数合理的飞片双面台阶靶,可能实现状态方程的绝对测量.同时进行了实验探索,实验结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合. 关键词： 绝对测量 飞片双面台阶靶 数值模拟 状态方程     

快点火锥壳靶压缩对称性及燃料分布测量实验研究北大核心CSCD

快点火激光惯性约束聚变将压缩与点火过程分开,与中心点火方式相比,大大放宽了对压缩对称性和能量的要求,是国际惯性约束聚变研究的热点方向。在神光Ⅱ装置上开展的快点火锥壳靶预压缩实验中,背光分幅图像显示导引锥及输运丝对靶丸预压缩过程无明显影响,实验结果与一维数值模拟结果吻合也证明了该结论;实验中通过调节导引锥尺寸和相对靶丸的位置,可保证最大压缩时刻导引锥保存完好,这对超热电子的输运以及能量沉积是至关重要的。     

平面孔靶激光注入率的简化物理模型

在黑洞靶设计中,外壳激光注入孔径的设计是一个关键问题。由于激光注入时,孔边缘物质被激光加热,产生等温膨胀,向孔内喷射物质,最终阻止激光进入,形成堵口现象,影响激光注入率。由于堵口问题的数值模拟是属于二维或三维问题,数值计算相当困难,在这里我们提出一个平面孔靶的简化物理模型。在相当犬的激光参量范围内,计算了堵口时间t_c以及注入分额与靶的几何参数、激光参数的关系。并且在数值计算的基础上得出注入分额与上述诸参量的经验公式,并给出阈值注入孔径与激光参量的经验关系。模型的部分计算结果与平面孔靶实验测量值作了比较,注入率在25%的范围内符合。     

激光聚变研究中心聚变靶物理实验和诊断技术研究进展北大核心CSCD

美国在国家点火攻关计划(NIC)的实施尽管未能实现点火目标,但建立了前所未有的点火靶物理精密实验能力,深化了点火靶物理认识,进一步明确了需要进一步解决的关键问题。激光聚变研究中心利用神光Ⅱ和神光Ⅲ原型装置条件,围绕黑腔等离子体能量学和内爆动力学开展实验与诊断技术研究,部分关键诊断技术取得突破,精密的实验能力显著增强,进一步丰富的配套实验结果在深化靶物理认识和校验数值模拟程序方面发挥了重要作用。     

惯性约束聚变点火靶候选靶丸特点及制备研究进展

获得能量增益实现点火是目前激光惯性约束聚变领域研究的主要方向和标志性成果. 在点火靶的设计中有多种可能的候选靶丸,包括碳氢掺杂锗、铍掺杂铜、聚酰亚胺、 碳化硼和金刚石靶丸,其中碳氢和铍靶丸是最主要的候选靶丸.文中主要总结了几种候选靶丸的优缺点及目前研制现状.在国外,碳氢靶丸是目前点火靶的首选靶丸. 与铍靶丸相比,不存在明显的微结构缺陷,制备较容易;靶丸光学透明, 适宜于燃料分层和表征;靶丸在制备上更容易达到点火靶要求. 美国的碳氢点火靶靶丸基本达到了设计要求,这些要求包括几何尺寸、壳层密度、 壳层缺陷、表面光洁度、掺杂水平和杂质含量等.我国的点火靶靶丸研究还处在起步阶段.     

激光惯性约束聚变中光学汤姆逊散射研究进展

当前，激光惯性约束聚变在越来越接近点火的极端能量密度条件下，实验与模拟的偏离逐渐增大，一个关键原因是缺乏对黑腔等离子体状态及其影响黑腔能量学和内爆对称性的细致研究和判断。光学汤姆逊散射主动式、诊断精确、参数完备的优点，使之成为激光惯性约束聚变黑腔等离子体状态参数精密诊断的标准方法。中国面向激光惯性约束聚变研究的光学汤姆逊散射实验技术的发展与神光系列激光装置的建设和在其上开展的物理实验紧密相关。近年来，四倍频汤姆逊散射实验技术在神光III原型和100 kJ激光装置上相继建立，部分实验结果不仅加深了对激光惯性约束聚变靶物理的认识，还反映了实验条件对汤姆逊散射诊断的影响，促进了实验技术的精密化发展。在未来，还需要进一步发展多支路汤姆逊散射、五倍频汤姆逊散射和超热相干汤姆逊散射等新技术，面向点火黑腔条件，大幅提升激光等离子体状态参数的诊断精度，开展新物理机制的探索和研究，在激光惯性约束聚变和其他高能量密度物理科学领域发挥更重要的作用。     

The national ignition facility: path to ignition in the laboratory

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192-beam laser facility presently under construction at LLNL. When completed, NIF will be a 1.8-MJ, 500-TW ultraviolet laser system. Its missions are to obtain fusion ignition and to perform high energy density experiments in support of the US nuclear weapons stockpile. Four of the NIF beams have been commissioned to demonstrate laser performance and to commission the target area including target and beam alignment and laser timing. During this time, NIF demonstrated on a single-beam basis that it will meet its performance goals and demonstrated its precision and flexibility for pulse shaping, pointing, timing and beam conditioning. It also performed four important experiments for Inertial Confinement Fusion and High Energy Density Science. Presently, the project is installing production hardware to complete the project in 2009 with the goal to begin ignition experiments in 2010. An integrated plan has been developed including the NIF operations, user equipment such as diagnostics and cryogenic target capability, and experiments and calculations to meet this goal. This talk will provide NIF status, the plan to complete NIF, and the path to ignition.     

基于神光Ⅲ原型装置的冲击点火分解实验

冲击点火是一种新型点火方式,介绍了国内进行的冲击点火分解实验。实验结果表明:相比于方波脉冲,在冲击峰整形脉冲作用下激光与等离子体相互作用明显增强,背向散射光的份额增加,散射光谱来自于不同密度的等离子体区域。实验中也观察到了方波条件下冲击波在CH样品中的传播过程,与模拟计算结果较为符合。     

Hydrodynamique de l'implosion d'une cible FCI

We consider the hydrodynamic behaviour of an imploding ICF target. After recalling the requirements for thermonuclear ignition, we analyse in detail the two phases of the implosion. First, the acceleration, with its two important ignition parameters, the implosion velocity and the entropy generated in the DT. Second, the slowing down which, through electronic conduction, allows the creation of a central hot spot of sufficient mass. The method of successive shocks allows the détermination of the laser pulse shape which, by insuring an isentropic acceleration, optimises the energy delivered to the DT. We obtain the implosion velocity as a function of the initial capsule parameters and the maximum incident radiation. We clarify the hydrodynamical reason which makes the ignition threshold sensitive to the entropy generated during the acceleration. These elements constitute the basis of a global indirect drive ICF model, allowing target design optimisation.     

神光Ⅲ原型装置直接驱动均匀辐照设计及在快点火中的潜在应用

研究了基于间接驱动设计的神光Ⅲ原型装置在直接驱动方式下提供的辐照均匀程度,在考虑激光瞄准偏差以及激光束间能量偏差的情况下,通过优化激光光斑内部光强分布实现了球靶表面较高程度的均匀辐照。研究表明光强均方根随激光偏差的减小而降低。在优化结果基础上,分析了优化光强与实际光强的联系,指出可通过同步放缩具有长度量纲的量调整靶球表面平均光强,为后续靶设计提供了依据。最后,研究了优化结果在直接驱动快点火技术途径下的应用,分析了导引锥对激光传输的影响,表明当导引锥位于靶球两极方向,并且半锥角小于30°时,导引锥对锥外部靶球表面的光强分布影响较小,优化结果亦可应用于直接驱动快点火。     

Iterative model-based experimental design for efficient uncertainty minimization of chemical mechanisms

The uncertainties of chemical kinetic model parameters induce uncertainties in model predictions. Automatic optimization and uncertainty minimization techniques have been developed to constrain these uncertainties based on sets of experimental target data for quantities of interest. While such methods were frequently used to optimize models for relatively well-studied systems with large numbers of available targets, only few of these experimental data points may be of crucial importance. In addition, for novel fuel candidates such as biofuels and synthetic fuels, the number of available measurements is generally limited. Thus, an important aspect to be explored in this context is the number of experimental data points required to achieve a certain degree of uncertainty reduction, and the determination of optimal experimental conditions for these. To target this question, a model-based experimental design framework based on the criterion of D-optimality is used in the present work to automatically identify these optimal conditions. As an example, the auto-ignition of dimethyl ether is investigated. The majority of experiments with high priority cover the intermediate- and low-temperature regimes, where the employed prior model exhibits the largest prediction uncertainties. It is also found that 90 % of the maximum observed reduction of average prediction uncertainty in ignition delay times can be achieved based on only the ten most informative experiments alone. The results thus demonstrate that few well-selected measurements allow for efficient model uncertainty reduction, and the employed approach provides an effective means of identifying the optimal conditions, which is useful for further experimental investigation. On the other hand, the inclusion of more experiments into the calibration process still provides additional benefit in terms of the posterior uncertainties of a number of important model parameters, which points to the importance of taking such data into account in case of their availability.     

Optimum hot electron production with low-density foams for laser fusion by fast ignition

We propose a foam cone-in-shell target design aiming at optimum hot electron production for the fast ignition. A thin low-density foam is proposed to cover the inner tip of a gold cone inserted in a fuel shell. An intense laser is then focused on the foam to generate hot electrons for the fast ignition. Element experiments demonstrate increased laser energy coupling efficiency into hot electrons without increasing the electron temperature and beam divergence with foam coated targets in comparison with solid targets. This may enhance the laser energy deposition in the compressed fuel plasma.     

The method of laser-sustained arc ignition

The method of laser-assisted vacuum arc deposition (laser-arc) was developed to effectively produce high-quality coatings, especially multilayer coatings with a reduced number of droplets. The efficiency of this method depends mainly on the ignition probability of the vacuum arc discharges. In the present work, the process of arc initiation by laser irradiation is studied and the influencing factors such as power density of laser irradiation, target material, and electrode configuration are discussed. It is shown that a high ignition probability (ρ>50%) on such coating materials at Ti, TiC, TiN, and C can be guaranteed with a laser power density of about 10⁸ W/cm², which can be achieved with a low-cost Nd-YAG pulse laser. Measurements of the plasma current preceding the arc ignition and microscopic investigations of the erosion pattern caused by the laser irradiation suggest that the process of plasma-sustained are ignition (unipolar arcing) plays an important role during the buildup phase of the vacuum arc discharge     

激光聚变内爆流体不稳定性基础问题研究进展

激光聚变有望一劳永逸地解决人类的能源问题,因而受到国际社会的普遍重视,一直是国际研究的前沿热点。目前实现激光惯性约束聚变所面临的最大科学障碍（属于内禀困难）是对内爆过程中高能量密度流体力学不稳定性引起的非线性流动的有效控制,对其研究涵盖高能量密度物理、等离子体物理、流体力学、计算科学、强冲击物理和高压原子物理等多个学科,同时还要具备大规模多物理多尺度多介质流动的数值模拟能力和高功率大型激光装置等研究条件。作为新兴研究课题,高能量密度非线性流动问题充满了各种新奇的现象亟待探索。此外,流体力学不稳定性及其引起的湍流混合,还是天体物理现象（如星系碰撞与合并、恒星演化、原始恒星的形成以及超新星爆炸）中的重要过程,涉及天体物理的一些核心研究内容。本文首先综述了高能量密度非线性流动研究的现状和进展,梳理了其中的挑战和机遇。然后介绍了传统中心点火激光聚变内爆过程发生的主要流体力学不稳定性,在大量分解和综合物理研究基础上,凝练出了目前制约美国国家点火装置（NIF）内爆性能的主要流体不稳定性问题。接下来,总结了国外激光聚变流体不稳定性实验物理的研究概况。最后,展示了内爆物理团队近些年在激光聚变内爆流体不稳定性基础性问题方面的主要研究进展。该团队一直从事激光聚变内爆非线性流动研究与控制,以及聚变靶物理研究与设计,注重理论探索和实验研究相结合,近年来在内爆重要流体力学不稳定性问题的解析理论、数值模拟和激光装置实验设计与数据分析等方面取得了一系列重要成果,有力地推动了该研究方向在国内的发展。     

一种基于长基线交汇的超短基线定位系统精度评价方法

超短基线定位系统的定位精度和准确度是评价系统性能的重要指标, 通常采用固定点的定位重复度来评价定位精度, 采用其他解算方法作为真值参考评价定位准确度. 本文首先分析了以误差椭圆理论为基础的超短基线精度评价方法, 给出了理论推导公式, 证明了观测数据和理论误差椭圆的关系. 本文提出了一种基于长基线交汇的超短基线定位系统精度评价方法, 通过长基线交汇模型求解目标的真实位置评价系统的准确度. 根据该方法解算得到的待定目标位置作为真值参考, 能够反应系统误差的修正情况. 最后采用该方法进行海试数据处理, 处理结果表明该方法能够较好的反应定位精度, 进一步修正了系统偏差, 修正系统偏差后和修正前相比定位精度提高了0.2%, 具有良好的工程应用价值.