多元曲线分辨等方法和红外光谱用于二硝基五亚甲基四胺的合成反应机理研究

通过红外光谱在线监测强酸催化下硝酰胺、甲醛和氨水合成二硝基五亚甲基四胺(DPT)的反应过程, 利用渐进因子分析(EFA)、直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)和多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘法(MCR-ALS)等化学计量学方法对反应过程获得的红外光谱信息进行解析, 得到了各组分纯物质的浓度变化曲线和对应的红外光谱, 并把多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘法与直观推导式演进特征投影法的分析结果进行比较, 得出可相互验证的一致结论, 以此推测出该反应合理的反应机理. 化学计量学方法对在线红外光谱信息的分辨可以快速有效地反映DPT合成过程中各组分的浓度和红外光谱变化情况, 对其反应机理研究具有重要指导意义.     

多元曲线分辨方法和红外光谱用于奥克托今合成机理

通过红外光谱在线监测1,5-二乙酰基-3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷（简写DADN）合成奥克托今(HMX)的反应过程,利用渐进因子分析(EFA)、多元曲线分辨 交替最小二乘法(MCR-ALS)和直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)等化学计量学方法对反应过程获得的光谱信息进行解析,得到了各组分浓度变化曲线和对应的红外光谱,并将MCR-ALS和HELP两种方法的分析结果进行比较,得出可相互验证的一致结论,从而推测出该反应合理的反应机理。 所得结果与文献报道吻合,表明化学计量学方法结合在线红外光谱是研究奥克托今合成机理的有效手段。     

多元曲线分辨结合在线红外用于3-氨基-4-氨基肟基呋咱的合成反应机理

利用红外光谱在线监测丙二睛、亚硝酸钠和盐酸羟胺合成3-氨基-4-氨基肟基呋咱的反应过程,采用多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘法（MCR-ALS）、直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)等化学计量学方法对反应过程所获得的实时红外光谱数据矩阵进行解析,得到了各组分纯物质的浓度变化曲线和对应的红外光谱,并将多元曲线分辨 交替最小二乘法与直观推导式演进特征投影法的分析结果进行比较,得出可相互验证的一致结论,据此推出该反应合理的反应机理。 2种方法得到的反应物与生成物的光谱与原光谱的相似度近似于1,说明该解析方法具有准确性和可靠性。 结果表明,化学计量学结合红外光谱可有效的应用于3-氨基-4-氨基肟基呋咱合成过程的机理推断。     

通过红外光谱结合化学计量学方法研究奥克托今的合成机理

通过红外(IR)光谱在线监测醋酐法合成奥克托今(HMX)的反应过程, 采用渐进因子分析(EFA)结合多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘法(MCR-ALS)以及直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)等化学计量学方法对反应过程的光谱数据矩阵进行解析, 获得了各组分浓度变化曲线和对应的IR光谱; 并采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 在6-31G^*基组水平上得到该化合物的全优化结构, 在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率和IR光谱. 通过对比发现, MCR-ALS和HELP法可得出相互验证的一致结论; 将通过量子化学计算的中间体的IR光谱特征吸收峰与2种方法进行比较, 结果吻合, 从而推导出合理的反应机理. 实验结果表明, 化学计量学方法结合在线红外光谱是研究反应机理的有效手段, 对反应路线的选择具有指导意义.     

化学计量学和红外光谱研究3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑合成机理

通过红外光谱在线监测3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑(DAT)的合成过程,应用多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘法(MCR-ALS)对过程中获得的光谱数据矩阵进行解析,推导出合理的反应机理.反应以水为背景,依次加入二氰二胺与二盐酸肼固体,用红外探头监测反应全过程.用MCR-ALS法对所得光谱数据进行解析,得到反应物、中间体和产...     

独立成分分析结合在线红外技术研究3,4-双(4'-氨基呋咱基-3')氧化呋咱的合成反应机理

利用在线红外技术监测3,4-双(4'-氨基呋咱基-3')氧化呋咱(DATF)的合成过程,并结合核独立成分分析算法对反应过程中获得的实时红外光谱数据进行解析,得到了反应物、中间体及产物各组分纯物质的红外光谱图.采用密度泛函理论B3LYP法,在6-31+G(d,p)基组水平上求得中间体的红外振动光谱,验证了所分离红外光谱图的正确性,从而推导出合理的合成反应机理.结果表明,核独立成分分析算法能合理地解析红外光谱在线数据,并有效捕捉合成反应的中间体,对合成反应机理的研究具有重要的指导意义.     

利用目标试验因子分析法确定化学反应的级数及速率常数

利用目标试验因子分析(TTFA)结合数值遗传算法(NGA).解析反应过程中在线测得的动力学谱-光谱数据矩阵,可在未知各组分纯光谱及动力学模型情况下同时求解出各组分的纯光谱、反应级数及速率常数。提出用近似计算法计算各组分的动力学谱,使该方法能适用于任意反应级数的体系。针对两步连续反应模型,对反应物、中间体和最终产物均有吸收及某一种组分没有吸收的体系的模拟实验数据矩阵进行了处理,表明该方法均能适用。利用该方法对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯在碱性介质中的水解反应及日落黄水溶液的电解降解反应过程中测得的数据矩阵进行解析,均获得了可靠结果。     

多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘方法在联用数据分辨中的应用

通过对模拟数据和高效毛细管电泳实验数据的分析,讨论了多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘方法(MCR-ALS)在毛细管电泳-二极管阵列检测(CE-DAD)联用数据分辨中的应用.讨论了几种因素对MCR-ALS单个数据矩阵分辨结果的影响,包括待分析物光谱间的相似程度、浓度曲线的重叠程度以及由渐进因子分析(EFA)所得到的浓度初始值等.MCR-ALS还可用于多个数据矩阵的同时分析,即二阶MCR-ALS.结果表明,与一阶MCR-ALS相比,二阶MCR-ALS方法能够更好地解决各种分辨问题,得到合理和满意的分辨结果.     

表面增强拉曼光谱与高效液相色谱联用技术在Suzuki偶联反应实时监测中的应用研究

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)因极高的检测灵敏度及丰富的光谱指纹信息而在物质的结构鉴定方面得到广泛应用,但对于复杂混合物的SERS光谱解析仍存在较大挑战,因此并不能有效用于直接实时监测化学反应过程.本工作以有序Au纳米粒子二维阵列膜为基底,将SERS技术与高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用,充分发挥两者在高灵敏度检测和高效分离方面的优势,实现了对苯硼酸和3-溴吡啶的Suzuki偶联反应的实时连续分离和检测.研究表明该反应体系的混合液的HPLC中检测到保留时间分别位于2.1 min,2.8 min,3.6 min,15.3 min的四种不同物质,第一种物质对应于反应物苯硼酸;第二、三种物质分别对应3-溴吡啶和主产物苯基吡啶,它们的SERS光谱特征与标准物完全一致,最后一种物质的SERS光谱特征与联苯一致,由此说明反应过程中的副产物为联苯.通过对最终反应物进行层析分离提纯得到主产物,NMR谱特征表明其为苯基吡啶,这与SERS研究结果一致,而副产物联苯的产率较低,提纯困难而无法通过NMR分析获得其结构.由此可见,SERS-HPLC联用实现了分离与鉴别的功能集成,有望发展成为一种具有潜在应用前景的有机反应历程的实时检测工具.     

紫外光谱法结合多元曲线分辨研究黄芩苷的转化规律

采用紫外光谱法采集不同工艺条件下黄芩苷转化过程的光谱数据, 结合多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘法(MCR-ALS)处理获得的数据, 得到黄芩苷转化反应过程中各组分的光谱图和浓度随时间变化曲线. 结果表明, 黄芩苷转化过程符合两步连续一级反应模型; 根据不同时间点采集的多级质谱和飞行时间质谱信息, 推断了黄芩苷转化产物和可能的转化途径, 转化产物主要包括黄芩苷的同分异构体、 黄芩素和黄芩素二聚体. 对黄芩苷转化规律的研究有助于黄芩制剂的质量控制.     

Resolution of multicomponent overlapped peaks A comparison of several curve resolution methods

Several curve resolution methods were compared in their performance of identification and quantification of overlapping peaks. These resolution methods are heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), sub-window factor analysis (SFA), and orthogonal projection resolution (OPR). In this paper, HELP, SFA and OPR with the rank map produced by evolving factor analysis (EFA) or fixed size moving window-evolving factor analysis (FSMW-EFA) were applied to the simulated and experimental data. The resolved results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, the further comparison was carried out with the results obtained from multivariate curve resolution-alternate least square (MCR-ALS) by using the initial estimates provided by EFA.     

漆酶活化碱木质素的磺甲基化反应活性研究

采用漆酶对碱木质素进行活化预处理,并对活化碱木质素进行磺甲基化改性,揭示了漆酶活化对碱木质素磺甲基化反应活性影响的作用机理.采用顶空气相色谱、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、核磁共振等研究了漆酶活化碱木质素的结构特征,结果表明,漆酶对碱木质素既有聚合作用又有解聚作用,分子量变化不大,多分散性增加;漆酶活化使得碱木质素发生脱甲基作用,酚羟基含量增大,紫丁香基含量减低;另外,漆酶可氧化酚羟基变成苯氧自由基使碱木质素聚合.采用分子模拟对漆酶活化碱木质素的电子云密度进行了计算,结果表明脱甲基作用增大了木质素苯环上的电子云密度,有利于磺甲基化反应的进行.采用电位滴定测试磺甲基化产物的磺化度来表征其反应活性的大小,结果表明漆酶活化磺甲基化碱木质素的磺化度提高了35%,且对二氧化钛悬浮体系的分散性能得到明显提高.     

On the mechanism of the laccase-mediator system in the oxidation of lignin

In an effort to elucidate the role of phenolic and non-phenolic lignin subunits in a laccase mediator (LM) system, vanillyl alcohol was oxidized with laccase in the presence and absence of the mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazol (HBT). Furthermore, the role of phenolic, aliphatic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid moieties in lignin degradation was elucidated by selectively blocking them. The modified samples were then subjected to laccase and laccase-HBT treatments. On the basis of this data it was possible to establish the role of this mediator. HBT mediates the oxidation of lignin by inducing side-chain oxidation and oxygen-addition products rather than oxidative coupling reactions.     

直观推导式演进特征投影法在拖尾重叠色谱峰解析中的应用

直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)已成功应用于复杂体系的重叠色谱峰解析.当色谱峰拖尾时,演进特征投影图(ELPG)显示的直线段对应的区域中可能含有前面拖尾组分的信息,据此进行HELP解析可能得不到满意结果.选择ELPG上直线段的一部分,即拖尾组分末端,前面组分的信息已基本消失的区域作为选择性区域进行HELP解析.同时,提出一种新的定量方法:用主成分分析法(PCA)分解待测组分标准样品的二维数据,将得到的“标准”色谱引入HELP的定量过程,在色谱峰拖尾或解得谱峰不平滑时,得到更准确的结果.用HELP方法解析了依诺沙星、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星三组分实验体系,结果表明,加入上述措施的HELP可有效改善拖尾重叠色谱峰的解析结果.     

Electrochemistry and kinetics of fungal laccase mediators

The screening of potential redox mediators for laccase was performed using homogeneous Trametes hirsuta laccase. Heterogeneous (electrochemical) and homogeneous (oxidation by laccase) reactions of the different types of the enhancers (mediators) of the enzyme were investigated. It was discovered that derivatives of phenyl-methyl-pyrazolones and benzoic acid, as well as N-hydroxynaphthalimide were efficient substrates for the laccase. The characterization of several representatives from each class was carried out using electrochemical and enzyme kinetics methods. The kinetic parameters for the oxidation of phenyl-methyl-pyrazolones and 3-(6-hylroxy)-aminobenzoic acid were comparable to those for 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) oxidation by the laccase, whereas the rate of enzymatic oxidation of N-hydroxynaphthalimide was sufficiently lower. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that only oxidation of phenyl-methyl-pyrazolones and N-hydroxynaphthalimide yielded several high-potential intermediates capable of oxidizing veratryl alcohol, which was used as a lignin model substrate, whereas derivatives of benzoic acid showed low-potential intermediate, which was not able to oxidized lignin model compound. Phenyl-methyl-pyrazolones was about 50% as effective in degrading veratryl alcohol compared to ABTS as judged from HPLC kinetic studies, whereas N-hydroxynaphthalimide showed the same efficiency as ABTS. Phenyl-methyl-pyrazolones and hydroxynaphthalimides may be of commercial interest for oxidoreductase-catalyzed biodegradation of different xenobiotics.     

Obtainment of chelating agents through the enzymatic oxidation of lignins by phenol oxidase

Oxidation of lignin obtained from acetosolv and ethanol/water pulping of sugarcane bagasse was performed by phenol oxidases: tyrosinase (TYR) and laccase (LAC), to increase the number of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in lignin, and to improve its chelating capacity. The chelating properties of the original and oxidized lignins were compared by monitoring the amount of Cu²⁺ bound to lignin by gel permeation chromatography. The Acetosolv lignin oxidized with TYR was 16.8% and with LAC 21% higher than that of the original lignin. For ethanol/water lignin oxidized with TYR was 17.2% and with LAC 18% higher than that of the original lignin.     

Local resolution of two-way data from multicomponent equilibria

A self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) method is proposed to calculate concentration and spectral profiles for the two-way spectral data from an equilibrium containing several chemical components. The proposed method has three main distinctive steps: (i) fixed size moving window evolving factor analysis (FSMWEFA) is used to identify the selective and zero concentration regions for a desired component, (ii) orthogonal projection resolution (OPR) is used to calculate its concentration profile and (iii) the component striping is done directly to resolve other components. The results of simulated and real polyprotic acid dissociation equilibria showed that the proposed combined method performs well even in situation when the successive stepwise equilibrium constants are close to each other. The applicability of method for resolving the triprotic acid system with rank deficiency due full spectral overlapping of two involved chemical species also is shown.