添加三甲基乙氧基硅烷制备耐高温硅/铝复合气凝胶

以仲丁醇铝(ASB)和三甲基乙氧基硅烷(TMEO)为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,经乙醇超临界干燥制备了耐温高、成型性好的硅/铝复合气凝胶。用透射电子显微镜、N₂吸附分析仪、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、hot disk热分析仪等仪器表征了气凝胶的形貌、孔结构、表面基团、晶相、热学等性能。在溶胶-凝胶过程中,通过添加TMEO在氧化铝纳米颗粒表面引入了-Si-(CH₃)₃基团,该基团经高温热处理后会在Al₂O₃表面形成SiO₂纳米颗粒,有效地抑制了Al₂O₃纳米颗粒在高温下的晶体生长,使得该复合气凝胶具有优异的耐温性能。在1 200 ℃高温处理后,线性收缩低至16%,比表面积可达141 m²·g^-1,这将进一步促进气凝胶材料在高温保温隔热、吸附、催化等领域的广泛应用。     

Fe3O4@SiO2@mTiO2介孔多功能纳米复合颗粒的制备及载药能力

以溶剂热法制备氨基功能化的Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒为磁核,结合溶胶-凝胶法和模板法在其表面先后包覆上致密的SiO_2层和介孔TiO_2层,制备了磁性-发光-微波热转换性-介孔结构为一体的多功能核-壳结构纳米复合颗粒,并对其结构、性能及载药能力进行了研究。XRD分析表明:Fe_3O_4表面包覆上了无定形结构的SiO_2和TiO_2。TEM照片表明:所得的纳米复合颗粒具有明显的核壳结构和完美的球形,构成核的Fe_3O_4颗粒的尺寸在40~50 nm之间,Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@mTiO_2核壳结构纳米复合颗粒的尺寸为60~70 nm,壳层厚度约10 nm,并可观察到壳层中清晰的孔状结构。磁性、荧光光谱和微波热转换特性分析表明:该复合颗粒同时具有良好的发光性、磁性和微波热转换特性。N_2气吸附及药物负载率分析表明,该复合颗粒具有较高的比表面积(640 m~2·g~(-1))和介孔结构(孔径约2.8 nm)并且具有较高的药物负载率。     

自生纳米纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶的制备及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和乙醇超临界干燥工艺制备ZrOX/SiO2复合气凝胶,再经1 200℃高温热处理得到自生纳米纤维增强SiO2复合气凝胶。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、热重和氮气吸附等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行了分析,并且测试了样品的压缩强度及真密度。实验结果表明:自生纳米纤维增强SiO2复合气凝胶具有均匀的多孔网络结构,锆氧纳米纤维是以化学键连接复合的方式无序穿插在气凝胶中,对复合气凝胶的机械强度和隔热性能有明显的改善。经1 200℃热处理后的ZrOX/SiO2复合气凝胶比表面积为827.22 m2·g-1,压缩强度为9.68 MPa,真密度为0.23 g·cm-3。     

以工业粉煤灰为原料制备TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂及其催化性能（英文）

2-仲丁基-4,6-二硝基苯酚(DNBP)作为杀虫剂、除草剂和烯烃基芳香族化合物阻聚剂而被广泛地应用于工农业生产中.在DNBP生产和使用过程中,会产生大量难以降解的有机废水,从而对人类和生态环境造成极大危害.因此,开展含DNBP废水的处理技术和方法研究具有重要的现实意义.TiO_2半导体材料由于具有良好的光化学特性和电化学行为,近几十年来一直是光催化领域的研究热点.在能量等于或大于TiO_2的带隙能级的辐照光照射下,TiO_2可以产生光生电子/空穴对(e~-/h~+).光生电子和空穴分别与TiO_2表面被吸附的H_2O和O_2分子反应,生成具有强氧化性的活性羟基自由基(·OH),对硝基酚类有机污染物具有较强的降解能力.TiO_2光催化反应属于非均相反应,反应在催化剂的表面进行,催化剂对污染物的吸附是影响其催化降解性能的重要因素.但是,传统TiO_2光催化剂存在比表面积小,对有机污染物吸附能力差,光生电子与空穴易于复合等缺陷,限制了TiO_2光催化技术的进一步发展和在水处理领域中的大规模应用.我们基于气凝胶具有多孔性、大比表面积和高孔隙率的特点,以富含硅、铝的工业废弃物粉煤灰为反应原料,首先利用碱熔法和常压干燥技术制备出SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶.在此基础上,以钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)为反应前体,SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶为载体,利用酸催化溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)制备出TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂.利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N_2吸附-脱附(BET)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)等分析测试技术对所制备的TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂结构进行了表征.结果显示,在TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂中,粒径尺寸为10~30 nm的锐钛矿型TiO_2纳米颗粒均匀分散在SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶载体上.TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂呈现典型介孔材料的IV型等温线.SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶的加入极大提高了TiO_2光催化剂的比表面积和对有机污染物的吸附性能,但是对TiO_2光波吸收范围影响不大.在制备出TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂基础上,进一步对其在可见光条件下的光催化性能进行了研究.以500 W的Xe灯光源模拟自然太阳光,DNBP为探针污染物分子,系统考察了可见光照射条件下溶液p H值、光催化剂用量、光反应时间、DNBP溶液初始浓度不同因素对TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂催化活性的影响.结果表明,TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂对DNBP有机污染物的吸附率和光降解率明显高于纯TiO_2样品.在DNBP溶液初始浓度为0.167 mmol/L,p H=4.86,催化剂用量6 g/L,光照时间5 h的条件下,TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂对DNBP的降解率几乎高达100%.根据Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程,在低浓度下光催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学.所制备的TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂具有良好的稳定性和重复利用性能.重复利用5次后,TiO_2/SiO_2-Al_2O_3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂对DNBP的降解率仍高达90%以上.利用紫外-可见分光光度计、气相-质谱联用仪对DNBP降解中间产物进行了分析,探讨了DNBP的光催化降解机理.     

山西芮城永乐宫元代天花、藻井研究*

采用不同方法制备了一系列Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂,在无NH_3、无碱条件下对其己二腈催化加氢制1,6-己二胺的反应性能进行研究.通过XRD、 BET、 TEM、 XPS及程序升温实验等结果表明,采用沉淀剂有利于细小Ni纳米颗粒在催化剂介孔内的分散。然而较强的Ni与载体间相互作用不利于氢气的吸附活化,还原处理后催化剂中仍存在较高含量的氧化态Ni物种.采用浸渍法制备的Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂中颗粒的平均尺寸为18.5 nm, Ni颗粒暴露在载体表面,生成较高含量的还原态Ni0物种及有利于反应物吸附的中等强度酸性位点.该Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂表现出优良的低温活性,在60℃时,己二腈转化频率(TOF)可达39.7 h~(-1);80℃时转化率为100%, 1,6-己二胺收率可达73.0%.然而,由于Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂中Ni与Al_2O_3间相互作用较弱,经过3次循环性能测试,催化剂活性明显下降.进一步以少量Cu元素修饰低含量Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂, Cu助剂的引入有效改善了Ni纳米颗粒的分散性,并与部分Ni组分形成双金属纳米颗粒.Ni_(15)Cu_3/Al_2O_3催化剂经5次循环反应后无明显失活现象,催化剂的形貌及化学结构亦无明显变化, Cu的引入在保持Ni基催化剂低温活性的同时有效提升了催化剂的循环稳定性,催化剂的TOF为52.1 h~(-1).     

Pt@Au/Al_2O_3核壳纳米粒子的制备和表征及其在催化氧化甲苯中的应用（英文）

采用种子生长法,在不存在保护剂和结构导向剂的情况下,成功制备Pt@Au核壳结构纳米颗粒,即在Pt纳米颗粒表面,Au Cl~(4-)被H_2还原成Au(0),并沉积在Pt核纳米颗粒上。通过透射电子显微镜(TEM),能量色散X射线光谱(EDS),高分辨率TEM (HRTEM),傅里叶变换(FFT)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),红外光谱(IR)和H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)等表征证实了核壳结构。所制得的Pt@Au_x/Al_2O_3催化剂在常压下由固定床反应器测定其在甲苯氧化中的活性。相比于单金属催化剂Pt/Al_2O_3与Au/Al_2O_3,Pt@Au_x/Al_2O_3核壳催化剂显示出更高的催化活性,且Pt_1@Au_1/Al_2O_3对于甲苯氧化具有最好的催化活性,这归因于Au和Pt之间的电子交换促进了Au上活性氧的形成。Pt@Au_x/Al_2O_3对甲苯氧化良好的催化性能和高选择性与其较高的吸附氧物质浓度,较好的低温还原性和强相互作用有关。     

DMF及热处理对常压制备Cu掺杂SiO2纳米复合气凝胶的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源, 硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)为铜源, 通过在复合溶胶体系中引入干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA)N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)进行原位共溶胶-凝胶, 结合常压干燥工艺, 制备出具有高比表面积(560 m2·g-1)的Cu-SiO2纳米复合气凝胶(含铜质量分数为5%). 研究了DMF对凝胶时间、干燥过程和复合气凝胶形态结构的影响, 利用N2物理吸附, 全自动X射线衍射(XRD)仪, 傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪, 透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对样品的形貌结构进行了表征. 实验结果表明, DMF能有效防止凝胶的开裂, 抑制颗粒团簇的产生, 使所得复合气凝胶的粒径减小, 比表面积增加, 微观结构更趋完善. 高温热处理后, Cu-SiO2中的铜物种仍高度分散于骨架网络中, 复合气凝胶显示出良好的热稳定性.     

纳米Al_2O_3改性双酚A型环氧丙烯酸酯的制备与性能研究

选用硅烷偶联剂KH570对纳米Al_2O_3进行表面改性处理,并用改性后的Al_2O_3对双酚A环氧丙烯酸酯进行复合改性,研究了纳米Al_2O_3含量(1%(wt)~5%(wt))对树脂性能的影响。结果表明:改性纳米Al_2O_3质量分数为5%时的复合材料的体积收缩率最小,为6.48%;粒子质量分数为2%时,树脂的凝胶率最大,为88.3%;热失重测试结果表明,改性纳米Al_2O_3提高了树脂的热稳定性;拉伸性能显示,随着改性纳米Al_2O_3质量分数的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度先升高后下降,当改性纳米Al_2O_3质量分数为3%时,复合树脂拉伸强度最大,为34.74MPa,与未改性树脂相比,拉伸强度提高了108.27%。本文所制备的改性光敏树脂可适用于3D打印环境。     

松散接触下Au-Ce强相互作用对Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧活性的影响（英文）

与汽油发动机相比,柴油发动机具有热效率高、CO_2排放低、寿命长、续航距离远和经济性好等优点,可大大缓解能源短缺,降低CO_2排放量.因此,机动车柴油化是当前发展趋势.然而,柴油发动机在使用过程中会排放大量炭烟颗粒物,对人体危害极大.因此,控制炭烟颗粒排放成为环境催化研究的重点之一.炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应是典型的固(炭烟颗粒)-固(催化剂)-气(O_2)多相催化反应.三维有序大孔氧化物(3DOM)具有大孔径和内部贯通的孔道结构,能有效提高炭烟颗粒与催化活性中心的接触性能.同时,纳米Au颗粒在大孔氧化物表面的负载可有效提高催化剂本征活性,但纳米Au颗粒催化剂热稳定性较差.CeO_2具有较好的储放氧性能,可与贵金属活性组分发生相互作用,从而提高贵金属纳米颗粒的分散度和稳定性.因此,本文从柴油炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应本质出发,设计制备了高炭烟燃烧催化活性的3DOM氧化物担载Au基催化剂,研究了Au与CeO_2强相互作用对炭烟燃烧活性的影响.采用胶体晶体模板法制备3DOM Al_2O_3载体,由微孔膜氨沉淀法制备CeO 2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂,以还原-沉积法制备Au/3DOM Al_2O_3和Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂,并利用扫描电镜、N_2物理吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、紫外漫反射光谱、H_2程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂形貌、比表面积、物理化学性质和氧化还原性进行了表征.结果表明,在CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3中,Al~(3+)可进入到氧化铈晶格内,形成Al-Ce-O固溶体,产生氧空位,这有利于氧物种转移.此外,Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂中Au和CeO_2之间的强相互作用能增加Au纳米颗粒表面活性氧物种数量,从而促进柴油炭烟燃烧反应.纳米颗粒Au的担载使得催化柴油炭烟燃烧的起燃温度明显降低,其中Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂表现出最高的催化活性,T_(10),T_(50)和T_(90)分别为273,364和412 ℃.     

不同金属负载对Cr/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂结构及氧化NO性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备Cr/Al_2O_3-TiO_2催化剂,在考察不同Cr负载量的基础上,研究不同金属负载与焙烧温度对Cr/Al_2O_3-TiO_2催化剂结构与性能影响。程序升温氧化(TPO)结果表明,当Cr负载量为10%(w/w)时具有较好的催化活性;不同金属负载Cr/Al_2O_3-TiO_2时,负载Co及在焙烧温度为550℃时催化剂具有较好的活性。通过程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)表征发现,Co的负载使催化剂的低温氧化还原能力逐渐提高,表明Co-Cr具有较好的协同催化作用。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征表明,Co增加了Cr~(6+)和表面吸附氧(O_β)含量,随着焙烧温度的升高(450～550℃),晶格氧不断向催化剂表面流动,表面化学吸附氧O_β比例逐渐增加,导致催化活性不断升高,说明Cr~(6+)和O_β是催化氧化NO的重要活性物种。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.