Preparation of Polypyrrole-Carbon Black Supported Pd Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation

通过低温氧化法在活性碳表面修饰聚吡咯（PPy-C）,并以PPy-C为载体制备了纳米Pd催化剂（Pd/PPy-C）.采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对载体PPy-C及催化剂Pd/PPy-C进行了表征,电化学测试结果表明,Pd/PPy-C催化剂电极不但能够增强催化剂对甲酸催化氧化的活性,而且还能够大幅度提高催化剂的稳定性,因此以PPy-C为载体的Pd/PPy-C催化剂是一类具有潜在应用前景的直接甲酸燃料电池阳极催化剂.通过分析电化学比表面随循环伏安次数的变化及多电势阶跃实验结果表明,催化剂电极活性衰减的主要原因是载体被氧化及电极表面积累强吸附物种的结果.     

聚吡咯-碳载Pd催化剂的制备及对甲酸的电催化氧化

通过低温氧化法在活性碳表面修饰聚吡咯(PPy-C), 并以PPy-C为载体制备了纳米Pd催化剂(Pd/PPy-C). 采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对载体PPy-C及催化剂Pd/PPy-C进行了表征, 电化学测试结果表明, Pd/PPy-C催化剂电极不但能够增强催化剂对甲酸催化氧化的活性, 而且还能够大幅度提高催化剂的稳定性, 因此以PPy-C为载体的Pd/PPy-C催化剂是一类具有潜在应用前景的直接甲酸燃料电池阳极催化剂. 通过分析电化学比表面随循环伏安次数的变化及多电势阶跃实验结果表明, 催化剂电极活性衰减的主要原因是载体被氧化及电极表面积累强吸附物种的结果.     

助剂对Pd/γ-Al2 O3催化剂上NO选择催化还原的影响

研究了含氧条件下钯催化剂上进行丙烯选择催化还原NO的反应,考察浸渍法制备的Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂中加入碱(土)金属或稀土氧化物助剂对NO转化率的影响,并对催化剂进行了XRD表征及在氧化气氛中饱和吸附NO后的TPD研究.结果表明,助剂CeO2、 Li2O能较大幅度提高催化剂的低温活性,使NO的最高转化率增加1～3.5倍.Pd/CeO2-Al2O3、 Pd/Li2O-Al2O3催化剂有较高的Pd分散度及较强的NO解离吸附能力.并讨论了NO、 N2O、 NO2-和NO3-等吸附态物种在催化剂表面的形成及脱附特性对催化剂选择催化还原NO性能的影响.     

浸渍顺序对Ag-Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2催化剂活性及脱附性能的影响

 采用不同的浸渍顺序制备了Ag-Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2双组分催化剂,考察了催化剂对乙醇和CO氧化反应的催化活性,并对催化剂进行了TPD表征. 结果表明,浸渍顺序对催化剂的活性有很大的影响. 共浸渍催化剂的活性最高,其次为先浸渍钯后浸渍银的催化剂,先浸渍银后浸渍钯催化剂的活性最低. 催化剂上CO氧化活性与CO-TPD过程中CO2脱附峰的温度及强度有对应关系. 同时,乙醇氧化活性与C2H5OH-TPD过程中CO2脱附峰的温度有一定的对应关系. 这表明共浸渍催化剂的表面氧物种最活泼,最容易与吸附在催化剂表面的乙醇或CO发生氧化反应. 不同的浸渍顺序影响Ag或Pd的存在状态,共浸渍时有利于氧化态的形成; 但Ag状态的变化与催化剂上乙醇或CO氧化反应的活性没有对应关系.     

Ce_(0.67)Zr_(0.33)O_2材料的制备和表征及其负载单Pd三效催化剂的性能

采用共沉淀法、均匀沉淀法、微乳法和水热法四种方法制备了铈锆固溶体(CZ),对其进行了X射线衍射和N2吸附脱附分析.以CZ为载体制备了负载单Pd三效催化剂,并对催化剂进行了氧化还原性能测试.结果表明,制备方法对CZ载体的物理、化学性能有显著的影响,而其负载单Pd催化剂的催化活性与CZ载体比表面积的大小没有明显的对应关系.采用共沉淀法制备的CZ载体具有相对良好的热稳定性以及储放氧能力,其负载单Pd催化剂在老化前后表面PdO物种有良好的还原性能,并表现出优异的三效催化性能.     

Pd/γ-Al2O3三效催化剂中CeO2助剂的作用

 研究了以浸渍法制备的以氧化铈为助剂的Pd／CeO2－Al2O3催化剂,对丙烯和一氧化碳氧化及一氧化氮还原反应的三效催化活性．主要考察了钯及CeO2助剂含量对催化剂三效转化活性的影响,并对部分催化剂进行了X射线光电子能谱（XPS）及氧饱和吸附后NO吸附的程序升温脱附－质谱（TPD－MS）表征．结果表明,在Pd含量（不大于1．0％）较低时,增加Pd含量可明显提高催化剂的活性．适量的CeO2能使Pd催化剂具有较好的热稳定性及富氧条件下的转化活性,过量的CeO2会降低催化剂的热稳定性．CeO2助剂使Pd／CeO2－Al2O3催化剂中的Pd2＋较易被还原为Pd0,并促进Pd上NO的解离吸附．     

聚苯胺对钯催化甲酸电氧化反应的促进作用

钯基纳米材料是甲酸电氧化反应的优良催化剂.本工作制备了两个系列钯基催化剂,并考察了聚苯胺对钯上甲酸电氧化反应的助催化作用.一种是以聚苯胺为基底,在其表面电沉积钯纳米粒子,制得nPANI/Pd催化剂(n表示聚合苯胺的循环数);另一种是直接在商业Pd/C催化剂表面电聚合苯胺,制得Pd/C/nPANI催化剂.结果显示,聚苯胺单独存在时对甲酸电氧化反应没有催化活性,但其可对钯上甲酸电氧化反应呈现明显的促进作用,且促进作用与聚苯胺的厚度(聚合循环数)密切相关.在两个系列催化剂中,15PANI/Pd和Pd/C/20PANI显示出最高的催化性能.15PANI/Pd中钯的质量比催化活性是纯钯催化剂的7.5倍; Pd/C/20PANI中钯的质量比催化活性和本征催化活性分别是商业Pd/C催化剂的2.3和3.3倍.钯催化性能的提升与聚苯胺和钯纳米粒子间的电子效应有关.     

PEMFC电极中表面扩散现象的初步研究

制作双催化层结构的PEMFC电极.该双催化层由含有Nafion的内催化层、无Nafion的外催化层组成.循环伏安测试表明,未与Nafion直接接触的外催化层Pt/C催化剂也参与发生在"Pt/Nafion"界面氢原子的吸脱附反应和Pt表面含氧粒子的电化学氧化还原.当电势扫描速率较低时,未与Nafion直接接触的外层Pt/C催化剂,其对氢脱附电流的贡献和直接与Nafion接触的内催化层的Pt/C催化剂大致相当.以双催化层电极作PEMFC阴极,单电池(PEMFC)极化曲线测试表明,其阴极外催化层能明显地提高该单电池在活化极化区的输出性能.进一步证明了PEMFC阴极外催化层不与Nafion直接接触的Pt/C催化剂可通过其表面吸附含氧粒子的表面扩散参与发生在"Pt/Nafion"界面氧的电化学还原反应.上述实验为设计PEMFC电极提供了一定的新思路.     

CO在Pd系双金属及其单金属催化剂上的吸脱附红外光谱

红外光谱表明吸附在担载于Al_2O_3上的Pd-Cu、Pd-Ag、Pd-Co和Pd-Pt 双组分催化剂上的CO仍保持其在单金属上的主要吸附物种,但其部分CO吸收带发生位移,吸附的CO易于脱附.CO在还原态Pd-Cu和Pd-Ag双金属催化剂上以吸附于Pd上者为主,其吸收带明显变弱而更易脱附.在Pd- Pt和Pd-Co氧化和还原态催化剂上CO桥式和线式吸收带强度比发生显著变化.似乎在这二类双金属催化剂上的几何结构效应比电子配位效应更为明显.     

载体酸性对Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上烯烃歧化反应性能的影响

在固定床反应器上考察了Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上乙烯与2-丁烯歧化制丙烯反应的性能.结合X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附、吡啶吸附红外光谱、H2程序升温还原和程序升温氧化等表征结果发现,载体酸性的差异导致催化剂酸性和 Mo物种落位方式不同.载体酸性较强时,催化剂积炭严重,反应稳定性差;载体酸性较弱时,Mo物种...     

Dinuclear molybdenum complexes derived from diphenols: electrochemical interactions and reduced species

The new diphenolato complexes [{Mo(NO){HB(dmpz)₃}Cl}₂Q] where dmpz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl and Q = OC₆H₄(C₆H₄O (n = 1 or 2), OC₆H₄CR=CRC₆H₄O (R = H or Et), and OC₆H₄CH=CHC₆H₄CH=CHC₆H₄O have been prepared and their electrochemical properties (cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry) compared with previously reported analogues where Q = OC₆H₄O, OC₆H₄EC₆H₄O (E = SO₂, CO and S), OC₆H₄ (CO)C₆H₄ C₆H₄(CO)C₆H₄O and 1,5- and 2,7-O₂C₁₀H₆. The electrochemical interaction between the redox centres in the new complexes is very weak, in contrast to that in the 1,4-benzenediolato and naphthalendiolato species. The EPR spectra of the reduced mixed-valence species [{Mo(NO){HB(dmpz)₃}Cl}₂Q]⁻ where Q = 1,3- and 1,4-OC₆H₄O and OC₆H₄SC₆H₄O shows that they are valence-trapped at room temperature, whereas those of the dianions [{Mo(NO){HB(dmpz)₃}Cl}₂Q]²⁻ where Q = 1,4-OC₆H₄O, OC₆H₄EC₆H₄O (E = CO or S) and OC₆H₄CH=CHC₆H₄CH=CHC₆H₄O shows that the unpaired spins on each molybdenum centre are strongly correlated (J, the spin exchange integral A_Mo, the metal-hyperfine coupling constant). The electrochemical properties and the comproportionation constants for the reaction [{Mo(NO){HB(dmpz)₃} Cl}₂Q] + [{Mo(NO){HB(dmpz)₃}Cl}O]₂]²⁻2[{Mo(NO) {HB(dmpz)₃}Cl}₂Q]⁻ where Q = diphenolato bridge, are compared with related compounds containing benzenediamido and dianilido bridges.     

CO and C3H8 Total Oxidation over Pd Catalysts Supported on Commercial Ce-Zr Solid Solution: Effects of the Calcination Temperature and Hydrothermal Treatment

A series of Pd catalysts supported on commercial Ce-Zr solid solution(Pd/CZ) calcined at different temperatures(750, 900 and 1050 ℃) was prepared via an incipient wetness impregnation method. The activities of the fresh and hydrothermally aged Pd/CZ catalysts were tested for total oxidation of CO and C₃H₈. For CO oxidation, the activity of either fresh or aged Pd/CZ catalysts decreased with the elevating of calcination temperature of CZ support, with a fresh catalyst calcined at 750 ℃ possessing the highest activity and hydrothermal stability. For C₃H₈ total oxidation, the activity of Pd/CZ catalysts could be improved by increasing the calcination temperature of support. However, the aged Pd/CZ catalysts showed higher activity than corresponding fresh Pd/CZ catalysts. The turnover frequency(TOF) over Pd/CZ catalyst for CO oxidation increased with increasing reduction ability of the catalysts, with a fresh catalyst calcined at 750 ℃ having the highest value(0.27 s^-1). However, the TOF of Pd/CZ catalyst for C₃H₈ total oxidation was mainly affected by the size of Pd particles, and large Pd particles possessed a higher activity, with the highest TOF value(0.96 s^-1) obtained over an aged catalyst calcined at 1050 ℃.     

Theoretical Studies on Aromaticity of Spiro Metallaaromatics of (C10H10M)2-(M=Ni,Pd, Pt)

Aiming to identify the spiro metallaaromatic systems with potential application value, (C₁₀H₁₀M)^2?(M=Ni, Pd, Pt) derivatives were theoretically investigated. (C₁₀H₁₀M)^2?-Iso1, which has two 6-membered rings(6MRs) connected by the M spiro atom, is a 14π-aromatic as a whole plane. (C₁₀H₁₀M)^2?-Iso2 has one 6π-aromatic 5MR and one 10π-aromatic 7MR connected by the spiro atom. The free (C₁₀H₁₀M)^2? dianions could not exist due to their rather high frontier orbital energies, while the neutral (C₁₀H₁₀M)Li₂ compounds are extremely stable against dissociation. Since (C₁₀H₁₀M)Li₂ coumponds are not fully coordinated, they trend to form (C₁₀H₁₀M)Li₄²⁺ dications, or even[(C₁₀H₁₀M)Li₂]_n polymers. Arguably, (C₁₀H₁₀M)^2? planes are not the only examples for spiro metallaaromaticity, their derivatives are also potential material building blocks.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene over NiO loaded on high surface area MgO

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over NiO-loaded MgO with high surface area was carried out using a fixed-bed flow reactor at 600 °C under atmospheric pressure.

At 600 °C, the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (C₂H₆/O₂ = 1) without dilution with an inert gas resulted in C₂H₆ conversion of 68.8% and a high C₂H₄ selectivity of 52.8%, which corresponds to a C₂H₄ yield of 36.3%. In addition, the catalytic activity did not decrease for at least 10 h. X-ray photoelectron spectra of the catalysts after the reaction exhibited that the initial valence state of Ni²⁺ (NiO) was maintained during the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. However, when NiO-loaded MgO was reduced with H₂ prior to the reaction, C₂H₄ selectivity decreased to nearly zero and high CO and H₂ selectivities were observed with the C₂H₆ conversion of 50 %, indicating that partial oxidation of C₂H₆ proceeded. Therefore, it seems important to keep Ni species as an oxide phase on the support, and for this purpose, use of the high surface area of MgO is essential.     

柴油尾气DOC催化剂Pt-Pd/CeO2的活性和抗硫性

采用浸渍法制备了不同Pt、Pd比例的Pt-Pd/CeO₂催化剂,考察了其催化氧化模拟柴油车尾气的活性,并测试了抗硫性。活性测试结果表明,Pt、Pd协同降低了催化剂的起燃温度,其比例对催化剂性能影响很大,其中,Pt_0.2Pd_0.8/CeO₂催化剂在模拟柴油车尾气(丙烯(C₃H₆)、一氧化碳(CO)和一氧化氮(NO))中的催化活性最高;C₃H₆的t₅₀降到170℃,CO的t₅₀降到了150℃,显示了良好的Pt、Pd协同效应;H₂-TPR表征和抗硫性结果分析表明,高比例Pt/Pd催化剂具有更多的表面活性氧,其相对数值与催化剂抗硫性能的关联度高,在催化剂硫酸盐中毒的条件下,更有利于催化反应的进行。     

Synthesis, electrochemistry and structural characterization of luminescent rhenium(I) monoynyl complexes and their homo- and hetero-metallic binuclear complexes

A series of luminescent rhenium(I) monoynyl complexes, [Re(N---N)(CO)₃(CC---R)] (N---N=bpy, ^tBu₂bpy; R=C₆H₅, C₆H₄---Cl-4, C₆H₄---OCH₃-4, C₆H₄---C₈H₁₇-4, C₆H₄---C₆H₅, C₈H₁₇, C₄H₃S, C₄H₂S---C₄H₃S, C₅H₄N), together with their homo- and hetero-metallic binuclear complexes, {Re(N---N)(CO)₃(CC---C₅H₄N)[M]} (N---N=bpy, ^tBu₂bpy; [M]=[Re{(CF₃)₂-bpy}(CO)₃]ClO₄, [Re(NO₂-phen)(CO)₃]ClO₄, W(CO)₅) have been synthesized and their electrochemical and photoluminescence behaviors determined. The structural characterization and electronic structures of selected complexes have also been studied. The luminescence origin of the rhenium(I) alkynyl complexes has been assigned as derived states of a [dπ(Re)→π*(N---N)] metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) origin mixed with a [π(CCR)→π*(N---N)] ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) character. The assignments are further supported by extended Hückel molecular orbital (EHMO) calculations, which show that the LUMO mainly consists of π*(N---N) character while the HOMO is dominated by the antibonding character of the Re---CCR moiety resulted from the overlap of the dπ(Re) and π(CCR) orbitals.     

超细氧化铜纳米颗粒修饰二维金属有机框架协同增强二氧化碳电化学还原生成乙烯

为了促进CO2电化学还原(ECR)制备燃料和高值化学品,开发高活性、低成本和高选择性催化剂至关重要.本文通过简单的溶剂热法一步合成超细氧化铜(CuO)纳米颗粒修饰的二维Cu基金属有机框架(CuO/Cu-MOF)复合催化剂.并采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、高角环形暗场像-扫描透射电镜、N2吸附/脱...     

C_6H_2(OH)_3CH_3氧化成羟基苯甲酸反应路径的DFT研究

运用密度泛函(DFT)理论,采用Materials Studio 8.0,用GGA/BP方法研究了C_6H_2(OH)_3CH_3氧化成羟基苯甲酸的反应路径。结果表明,甲基上的氢原子被氧化成羟基以及羟基被氧化为醛基及醛基被氧化成羧基均为放热过程。分子C_6H_2(OH)_3CH_3中甲基氧化成羧基的主路径为三个氢原子氧化反应路径,其路径为C_6H_2(OH)_3CH_3+3O→C6H2(OH)3C(OH)3→C6H2(OH)3COOH+H2O,该路径受限于羟基直接被氧化成羧基过程,需克服130 k J/mol的反应势垒,反应速率常数对数ln(k)为-22.96 s-1;醛基、羟基优先被氧化成羧基的顺序为:-CHO-C(OH)3-HC(OH)2-H2C(OH);提高反应温度、氧气浓度均有利于羟基苯甲酸的生成,适当的催化剂有利于促进整个反应的进行。     

氯对苯氧化过程影响机制的实验研究

针对高含氯垃圾气化-燃烧工艺中焦油的氧化裂解过程,利用均相管流反应器配合傅里叶红外光谱仪,以C_6H_6为焦油模型化合物,对比研究了氯参与前后,裂解产物组成和氧化完全程度随温度和当量比的变化,探索了氯对C_6H_6氧化裂解过程的影响机制。结果表明,低温下氯对C_6H_6的氧化有明显的激发作用,但由于氯对OH的消耗,对裂解产物进一步转化为完全氧化产物CO_2又存在抑制作用。此外,在高温低当量比条件下氯对聚合反应也有促进作用。因此,在工程应用中,高含氯垃圾气化产物的燃烧可适应更低的温度,但应避免高温低当量比反应环境的形成以避免聚合产物。此外,还应控制垃圾原料中的氯元素比例,以保障氧化反应的充分进行。     

稀土金属间化合物的催化性能——CO及不饱和气相烃在LaNi5上的加氢

本文应用脉冲色谱微型反应器研究了CO,C₂H₄,C₂H₂和C₆H₆在稀土金属间化合物LaNi₅上的催化加氢作用,并且在同一装置上与纯Ni进行了对比。实验结果表明:(1)LaNi₅的催化活性与被加氢物质的性质有关。与纯Ni相比,LaNi₅对被加氢物质所显示的催化效率按下面次序变小:CO>C₂H₄>C₂H₂>C₆H₆,但对苯而言,LaNi₅的活性却比纯Ni低。(2)在H₂中经升温处理过的LaNi₅比未经升温处理的LaNi₅具有更大的催化活性。(3)CO甲烷化反应在LaNi₅及纯Ni上均遵从一级反应速度规律,其活化能分别为15.5Kcal/mole和31Kcal/mole。