Vector model analysis in nondestructive imaging by using the photothermal deflection methods

The noncontact imaging of the buried structures is carried out in the open-air atmosphere by using the photothermal deflection (PTD) method. We applied these techniques to the layered samples. Besides the PTD images for the optically opaque buried structures, the parameters of the materials such as thermal diffusivity can also be calculated from the PTD amplitude and phase signal in the PTD scanning images. When the PTD signals at two different modulation frequencies are used, the thermal diffusivity of the buried structure can be obtained from the PTD signal outside of the sample nondestructively. Received: 27 November 1998 / Accepted: 18 March 1999 / Published online: 7 July 1999     

Probe beam size effect on the measurement of the distance between the probe beam and the sample in photothermal deflection

A distance-scan method to determine the distance between the probe beam and sample, which is not easily measured exactly, in photothermal deflection (PD) was reported, with which the distance and thermal diffusivity of the deflecting medium can be simultaneously measured. Probe beam size effect (PBSE) on PD phase signal was quantitatively analyzed to clearly show its physical meaning. The measured distance was experimentally verified as correct and reliable, and the measured thermal diffusivities of N2 and CO2 are in good agreement with the literature values. They could not be precisely measured by phase signal without considering the PBSE.     

Study on thermal diffusivity of materials by laser photothermal reflection technique

A method of measuring thermal diffusivity of materials at room temperature by photothermal reflection technique is described. An intensity-modulated Ar+ laser beam is used as incident light. The beam is focused to about 1 mm diameter spot and illuminates the sample surface. HgCdTe infrared detector is used to receive photothermal signal. Using this technique, the photothermal signals are experimentally measured as the function of different frequencies. The thermal diffusivities can be obtained by fitting the experimental data. On the other hand, the thermal diffusivities of one-way composite and orthogonal symmetric arranged composites Al2O3/Al are measured in transverse, longitudinal and arbitrary directions. The results show that the diffusivity of one-way material decreases with the increase of the measurement angle; the diffusivity of orthogonally arranged material almost keeps the same when measurement angle changes.     

An analytical model for thermal diffusivity measurements of film substrate composite using the mirage technique

The thermal diffusivity h of a thin film on a substrate is measured by using the mirage technique. The photothermal deflection of the probe beam is caused by the heat field and the substrate, heated by the pump beam. From the experimental data a two-dimensional algorithm is proposed to obtain the measurements of the diffusivity of film and substrate in one set of mirage detection.     

Photothermal probe beam deflection measurement of thermal diffusivity of atmospheric air

We have used a modified photothermal probe beam deflection system with a back pumping configuration for the measurements of the temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity of atmospheric air. The results are consistent and reasonably well agree with the literature values. The measured thermal diffusivity values are the same for the same measuring temperature regardless of the beam offsets and the deflecting surface temperatures. For the gas with known temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity, this method can be used to deduce the temperature of a gas from the measured thermal diffusivity value.     

Fourier transforms method for measuring thermal lens induced in diluted liquid samples

Drawing on interferometry and Fourier analysis, this paper describes the use of a two-beam thermal lens technique for measuring thermo-optical properties in optical materials. The procedure consists of yield interference patterns deformed by a localized photothermal effect. The photothermal phase shift is locally induced by the pump beam focused on a tested sample located on an on-axis probe beam, which is the first arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The plane where the effect is localized is imaged onto a CCD camera. Then two interferograms are recorded: one without effect and the other one with the induced photothermal phase. Fourier analysis performed on these interferograms allow us to plot the thermal lens map and, therefore, to estimate thermo-optic constant of Malachite Green in water solution. The method is applied to measure low linear absorptions of a diluted sample of Rhodamine B in water solution at 633 nm, showing that the proposed technique allows to measure photothermal phase shift as low as 3.1 mrad at 8 mW of input power in diluted materials.     

牙齿组织光热动态特性仿真与试验研究

调制激光作用牙齿组织发生散射形成光子密度波, 而由于光热效应产生热波, 基于一维介质辐射传输漫射近似方程与一维热传导方程建立了调制激光作用牙齿组织半透明混合介质的一维热波数学模型. 利用该模型仿真分析了牙齿龋损特性参数(牙釉质龋损层光吸收系数、散射系数、热扩散系数及龋损深度)对光热辐射动态响应特性的影响与规律. 利用红外探测器(HgCdTe, 2–12 μm)记录808 nm半导体激光激发牙齿组织产生的热波信号, 由锁相放大器计算热波信号的幅值与相位. 通过频率扫描试验获得了牙齿组织的光热动态响应, 利用多参数最佳统计拟合方法得到了牙齿组织特性参数. 结果表明光热辐射测量对牙齿组织不均匀性和龋损特性均具有较高敏感性与特异性.     

The effects of experimental parameters in the thermal diffusivity measurements of oriented polymer films using mirage effect: Computer simulation

Computer simulations have been carried out to study the effects of the experimental parameters when the mirage method has been applied to thermal diffusivity measurements of oriented polymer films. The parameters under study are the thermal diffusivity of the fluid surrounding the sample, the modulation frequency and the radius of the heating beam, the height and the radius of the probe beam, and the sample thickness and thermal diffusivity. Proposals for the optimum parameter values to maximize the measurement sensitivity for the sample diffusivity are made and the difficulties arising from the low diffusivity of the samples are described. It is also concluded that because the thermal properties of the fluid surrounding the sample have a strong contribution to the mirage signals, the signals do not include any simple feature corresponding to the sample diffusivity. Therefore it should be determined from the entire measurement data using regression methods.     

Thermal properties of compressed expanded graphite: photothermal measurements

The thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of compressed expanded graphite (CEG) samples were investigated by photothermal measurements in two geometries differing by a place of temperature disturbance detection. This disturbance can be detected on a surface opposite to the one at which the disturbance was generated (rear detection) or on the same surface (front detection). A measurement based on the rear detection allowed us to determine the effective thermal diffusivity of the sample, while the method with front detection gives the possibility of analysis of homogeneity of the sample. It is shown that the thermal diffusivity of CEG strongly depends on its apparent density. Moreover, CEG samples reveal anisotropy of the thermal properties. The thermal diffusivity in the direction parallel to the compacting axis is lower than the one in the direction perpendicular to it. The parallel thermal diffusivity decreases with growing apparent density, while the perpendicular thermal diffusivity significantly grows when the apparent density grows. The perpendicular thermal conductivity exhibits the same behavior as the perpendicular thermal diffusivity. The parallel thermal conductivity slightly grows with growing density and then reaches a plateau. The anisotropy of CEG samples grows with growing apparent density and vanishes for low-density samples. The photothermal measurement with front signal detection revealed that the CEG samples are non-homogeneous in the direction of the compacting axis and can be modeled by a two-layer system.     

反射式热透镜时变信号测量固体热扩散率的研究

介绍了采用反射式热透镜时变信号测量固体热扩散率的一种简便方法,该方法结合表面热透镜技术原理,采用表面透镜的动态变化和反射的探测光发散的幅度来确定固体的热扩散率,相对于传统的热扩散率测量方法要快捷简单。对较大范围的一系列物质的热学特性进行了实验研究,证明了其实用性。     

Thermal characterization of film-on-substrate system by photothermal method and genetic algorithm

For a film-on-substrate system, in the case of thin films with lower thermal diffusivities compared to substrates, the phase characterization of the photothermal signals is analyzed. Moreover, the numerical estimations of multiparameter are performed, which show the feasibility of simultaneous determination of the thermal diffusivities of the film and the substrate, as well as the thermal interface resistance of the film/substrate. Because the thermal diffusivity of the thin-film and the thermal interface resistance may be highly correlated, a genetic algorithm is used as an estimation method for the determination of the thermal properties of thin films with low thermal diffusivity.     

Photothermal methods for determination of thermal properties of bulk materials and thin films

Information on the thermal properties of materials is very important both in fundamental physical research and in engineering applications. The development of materials with desirable heat transport properties requires methods for their experimental determination. In this paper basic concepts of the measurement of parameters describing the heat transport in solids are discussed. Attention is paid to methods utilizing nonstationary temperature fields, especially to photothermal methods in which the temperature disturbance in the investigated sample is generated through light absorption. Exemplary photothermal measuring techniques, which can be realized using common experimental equipment, are described in detail. It is shown that using these techniques it is possible to determine the thermal diffusivity of bulk transparent samples, opaque and semi-transparent plate-form samples, and the thermal conductivity of thin films deposited on thick substrates. Results of the investigation of thermal diffusivity of the ground in the polar region, which is based on the analysis of the propagation of the thermal wave generated by sun-light, are also presented. Based on chosen examples one can state that photothermal techniques can be used for determination of the thermal properties of very different materials.     

Noncontact measurement of the thermal diffusivity of IR semi-transparent and semiconducting n-CdMgSe mixed crystals by means of the photothermal radiometry

In this paper we present results of noncontact measurements of the thermal diffusivity of infrared semi-transparent n-CdMgSe mixed semiconductor crystals by means of the photothermal radiometry (PTR) in a transmission configuration. In order to overcome an influence of the infrared semi-transparency and plasma waves on the PTR signal from n-CdMgSe mixed crystals the samples were covered by thin aluminum foils on both sides. The thermal diffusivities of n-CdMgSe mixed crystals were estimated from PTR phase frequency characteristics using a well-known formula. It was found that the obtained results are underestimated in comparison to thermal diffusivities estimated from the PPE (photopyro-electric) measurements. A three layer model of a PTR signal was applied in order to estimate an error in determination of the thermal diffusivity of a sample caused by aluminum foils.     

Pulsed-laser Pumped Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy for Liquid Thermal Diffusivity Measurement

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Pulsed-laser Pumped Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy for Liquid Thermal Diffusivity Measurement

The pulsed-laser pumped photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PPDS) is applied to measure liquid thermal diffusivity in a modified collinear configuration. Here the pulsed beam is regarded as in the form of a Dirac delta function. The experiment setup used is described. Measurement result for the thermal diffusivity of a liquid sample(magnta/ethanol saturated solution) is reported. The measurement error is less than 3%.     

横向激光光热偏转相位法测量金刚石薄片的热扩散率

本文介绍横向激光光热偏转装置的优化设计及其利用相位信息测量CVD金刚石薄片的热扩散率,并和脉冲激光光热辐射方法测量的结果相比较.     

Spectral and Non Radiative Decay Studies of Lead Di Bromide Single Crystals by Mode Matched Thermal Lens Technique

In the present paper, the investigations on the non radiative decay mechanism, optical band gap determination from absorption spectroscopic studies and fluorescence emission by photo luminescence techniques using different excitation wavelengths on gel derived lead di bromide single crystals are reported. Non radiative decay of the sample is studied using high sensitive dual beam mode matched thermal lens technique. For the thermal lensing experiment the crystal in solution phase is incorporated with rhodamine 6G dye for enhancing the absorption of the crystal sample. The thermal diffusivity of lead di bromide is determined using the probe beam intensity v/s time measurements.     

Thermoreflectance and photodeflection combined for microscopic characterization of metallic surfaces

A non-contact technique is presented that provides information on thermal diffusivity at the cubic micron scale in metal surfaces. It relies on the simultaneous fit of the frequency dependence of two mechanisms that appear when heating the surface of the sample with a modulated laser beam, the thermoreflectance (change in reflectivity with temperature) and photodeflection (the deflection of the beam due to the surface deformation). A complete analytical model is presented that takes both mechanisms into account, showing that the relative importance of both mechanisms depends strongly on the material under test and varies in several orders of magnitude between different metallic alloys. By filtering the reflected signal with an adjustable knife edge, the photodeflection signal can be enhanced. It is also shown how the signal arising from each mechanism depends strongly on the relative position of the pump and probe beams. A characteristic modulating frequency appears at which a drop in the signal with frequency is observed that is coincident for both mechanisms. From the determination of the characteristic frequency, the local heat diffusivity can be determined as it is shown for the case of an AISI304 stainless steel sample. PACS 78.20.Nv; 65.40.-b; 72.15.Eb     

Photothermal investigation Study of ZnO thin films: effects of Zn and O polar substrate

ZnO thin films were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on Zn- and O-polar surfaces of ZnO substrate. The effect of Zn- and O-polar substrate on the surface morphology and opto-thermal proprieties has been studied. Hall-measurements were used to determine the carrier concentration of the deposited films. Photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) was used to determine the optical absorption spectrum and the gap energy by comparing experimental amplitude of the photothermal signal to the corresponding theoretical one. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity were also deduced from the photothermal deflection measurements. The found values were very low due to the thermal resistivity of the layer–substrate interface.     

光热偏转光谱法的研究

为了建立棱镜型光热偏转光谱法的理论框架,采用棱镜的光色散特性研究了激励光源对待测样品表面周期性照射情况下的探测光偏转角与光热信号之间的解析关系。得到了棱镜型样品表面周期性变化的偏转角表达式。实现结果表明,该方法比传统型光谱法具有理论模型简单、实验容易实现、分辨率高、灵敏度高等优点。