离体龋齿的光热锁相成像检测试验

牙齿龋损是人类一种广泛存在的口腔疾病,如何能够尽早的发现早期龋齿,对患者牙齿龋损的预防与治疗具有重要意义。介绍了基于光热效应的光热锁相热成像技术,光热锁相热成像技术具有无损伤、高效率及探测面积大等优势被广泛应用于各类材料的无损检测。基于光热锁相热成像技术原理对人为模拟龋损的人类离体牙齿组织进行成像检测试验研究。首先开展了对不同模拟龋损位置离体牙齿的光热锁相成像试验,采用防酸指甲油对牙齿组织测试面进行开窗受控龋损(开窗大小为5 mm×5 mm),其中模拟龋损部位分别选择在牙齿组织的邻接面及牙颌面。试验结果显示,牙齿组织模拟龋损位置热波幅值增大,相位滞后增大且光热锁相成像的幅值图与相位图与X射线成像相比对模拟龋损部位表现出高敏感及高特异性;光热锁相成像技术对邻接面龋损比牙颌面龋损具有较高特异性。其次开展了对平滑面牙齿组织样本的多天(0,1,2,4及6 d)模拟龋损光热锁相成像跟踪试验研究,牙齿组织龋损程度采用X射线方法进行量化。试验结果表明,当龋损时间小于6 d时,X射线方法无法对龋损位置进行有效识别,而采用光热锁相热成像技术检测模拟龋损1 d的牙齿组织时,幅值差为3.82,相位差为10.57°,证明光热锁相热成像方法对牙齿组织龋损具有较高敏感性。提取的光热锁相成像幅值与相位与龋损时间具有良好的相关性。     

调制激光致硅晶圆载流子辐射扫描成像试验研究

建立了调制激光诱发硅晶圆少数载流子密度波一维模型, 仿真分析了少数载流子输运参数对调制激光诱发载流子辐射信号频域响应的影响. 利用调制激光诱发载流子辐射扫描成像系统对含有表面划痕的硅晶圆进行了扫描成像试验研究. 通过少数载流子密度波模型与多参数拟合方法反求得到了扫描区域的输运参数二维分布图. 该方法得到的少数载流子寿命与利用传统光电导方法测量的少数载流子寿命结果相符; 分析了划痕对载流子输运参数造成的影响, 与光电导方法比较, 该方法可以测量不同位置的全部载流子输运参数且分辨率高.     

基于荧光特征光谱的龋齿诊断新技术

通过研究激光与牙齿组织相互作用机理及组织再发射光谱与组织光学特性之间的关系,提出了一种将后向散射光,反射光以及自体感生荧光三者相结合的新型荧光光谱龋齿诊断方法.激光与龋齿相互作用过程中,不仅产生反射光,还会产生自体荧光和后向散射光,而这些后向散射光和自体荧光含有有关龋齿组分、结构、空间构象等的大量信息.为了获得三种信息和龋损状态的关系,实验建立了离体龋齿的组织光谱诊断装置,该装置以频率与细菌特征频率相近的He-Ne激光为激励源,激光器的功率为(2.0±0.1) mW,在不采用滤光片的情况下获得了104个离体样本的荧光光谱,以瑞利散射为特征光谱的标准化参数,定义了表征组织形态变化的反斯托克斯散射归一化系数C1和表征牙组织病理变化的斯托克斯荧光归一化系数C2,结合两者对离体龋齿的龋损状态进行表征.实验结果表明,该方法克服了现有的激光龋齿诊断方法的不足,能够准确表征离体龋齿的龋损状态,并且对早期的白点龋,填充的牙齿和牙结石的诊断更敏感.     

细胞外溶液的近红外光热响应取决于其吸收特性

光热效应是激光与生物组织相互作用中的一个主要因素, 但其产生、传输和作用机理尚不十分清晰. 本文采用双波长近红外激光辐照和膜片钳技术相结合的方法, 选择980 nm和845 nm两个波长的近红外激光, 因其在水中的吸收系数分别为0.502 cm^-1和0.0378 cm^-1, 接近十倍差异. 若溶液是产生光热响应的主要介导物质, 则期望这两个波长的激光辐照所产生的溶液温升也将呈现相应的十倍比例关系. 研究中把溶液光热响应过程分为温升的建立和耗散两个阶段. 在温升建立阶段,理论模型的建立采用长时程 (激光作用时程长于介质的热弛豫时间)作用理论的研究结果, 实验是使用膜片钳系统来测量细胞外溶液中, 已进行温度标定的、充灌溶液的玻璃微电极电导变化, 根据这个电导变化来定量研究溶液光热响应与其吸收特性的关联性; 在耗散阶段, 使用膜片钳系统监测神经细胞的电生理功能变化. 理论和实验两方面的结果都表明, 溶液对低强度近红外激光的吸收特性决定了其光热响应. 这一结果, 可以直接用于生物组织光热响应特性相关的机理研究. 关键词： 光热响应 双波长的方法 近红外激光和生物组织相互作用 空电极方法     

激光医学中热响应的遥测技术研究

采用辐射温度测量技术实现了激光与生物组织热响应的无损监测.便携式红外辐射监测仪内置LD红光指示和对准音提示，在距离红外透镜25 mm处最小物面孔径为2.5 mm.靶点组织的温升变化是激光输出参量和被测生物组织自身的光、热物理特性的综合反映，与可能产生的疗效密切相关.实验记录了单个红宝石激光脉冲、连续CO2激光作用下多种组织的热响应过程，从辐照时间、温升峰值、上升时间等角度讨论了不同组织、不同条件下组织热响应的差异.     

基于频域辐射传输模型的光学成像研究

本文以超短脉冲激光照射参与性介质的光学成像为研究背景,分别构建了短脉冲激光在参与性介质内的频域辐射传输正问题模型和根据边界探测所得频域信号重建介质内部光学参数的逆问题模型。在瞬态辐射传输方程的基础上,利用傅里叶变换得到频域辐射传输方程,采用有限体积法求解频域传输方程,模拟超短脉冲激光在二维参与性介质内传输的过程,得到介质边界的出射频域辐射信号。选取共轭梯度法作为反演算法,采用伴随差分模型求解目标函数梯度,重建了二维非均匀参与性介质内不同位置内含物的光学参数分布。结果表明,基于频域辐射传输方程的伴随差分模型能够较为准确地反演多维参与性介质内的光学参数。     

激光医学中热响应的遥测技术研究

采用辐射温度测量技术实现了激光与生物组织热响应的无损监测.便携式红外辐射监测仪内置LD红光指示和对准音提示,在距离红外透镜25 mm处最小物面孔径为2.5 mm.靶点组织的温升变化是激光输出参量和被测生物组织自身的光、热物理特性的综合反映,与可能产生的疗效密切相关.实验记录了单个红宝石激光脉冲、连续CO2激光作用下多种组织的热响应过程,从辐照时间、温升峰值、上升时间等角度讨论了不同组织、不同条件下组织热响应的差异.     

硅太阳能电池的调制载流子红外辐射动态响应与参数分析

建立了调制激光诱发硅太阳能电池的少数载流子密度波数学模型,并利用光致载流子辐射检测掺杂浓度、阻抗及载流子输运参数. 对频域响应曲线中的双弯曲效应进行了研究,构建了小交流信号作用的太阳能电池等效电路拓扑结构,仿真分析了不同掺杂浓度、阻抗电阻和载流子传输参数对频响曲线拐点的影响. 通过光致载流子辐射频域扫描实验与多参数拟合检测了单晶硅太阳电池的施/受主浓度、并联电阻和载流子输运参数. 结果表明：光致载流子辐射技术检测大面积太阳能电池频响曲线的双弯曲是由电容效应所引起的,建立的数学模型可定量描述和预测检测结果,并用于测量太阳能电池的掺杂浓度、电阻和载流子输运参数. 关键词： 调制自由载流子辐射 扫频检测 PN结电容 参数测量     

不同光聚焦状态的光击穿声辐射特性

强激光通过光学系统聚焦于水下时,击穿水介质辐射强声波信号.光学聚焦特性的不同,使得激光击穿区域形状的差异,导致辐射的声信号在强度、频谱特征上具有较大的差异性.为研究不同光聚焦状态对激光击穿形成的空泡辐射声波的影响,推导了不同聚焦状态下激光空泡壁的运动方程及声辐射模型,构建了激光声实验测量系统,实验研究了不同聚焦状态下光击穿导致的空泡脉动参数、辐射声信号特征的差异性.结论:激光声信号强度与激光能量成线性关系,在激光能量高于一定参数情况下,声信号强度变化不大;在低激光功率下,扩束聚焦与非扩束聚焦,辐射的声信号特性差异不大;在高激光功率条件,扩束聚焦击穿形成的空泡半径大于非扩束聚焦击穿,辐射的声信号强度高于非扩束聚焦;为提高激光击穿辐射卢信号效率,应对激光束进行扩束聚焦.     

布里渊增强四波混频时域特性的理论研究

通过对布里渊增强四波混频(BEFWM)瞬态耦合波方程的数值求解，描述了共轭输出光的时域调制行为.同时，对能量耦合过程中起决定性作用的声学波的时空演化特征进行了模拟与分析，由此给出BEFWM时域特性物理机理的解释.研究表明，共轭光输出强度的波动与介质内声波场的分布和起伏相关联，共轭光波形调制现象的强弱取决于介质声子寿命、信号及抽运光强度、有效作用长度等诸多参数.     

Photothermal radiometry with spherical solids

We extend the applications of photothermal diagnostics to solid spheres, in which both theoretical and experimental PTR studies on spherical geometries and thermal diffusivity of the sample are discussed. Based on the Green function method, a full thermal-wave field distribution of a spherical solid is obtained. Experimental results with steel spheres of different diameters exhibit good agreement between the theory and the experiments.     

基于QLF原理的龋齿探测方法中光学参量变化分析

通过建立完整的病变牙齿模型和龋齿病变程度判据,利用蒙特卡罗仿真算法编程,完整模拟了牙齿组织中荧光的激发和传输过程,探讨了牙齿组织病变程度引起的光学参量变化与QLF荧光分布的关系.同时,利用Tracepro软件的荧光仿真功能验证了该过程的合理性.结果表明：随着龋齿部分病变程度增大,散射系数增大,吸收系数和荧光量子效率减小,健康组织和病变组织荧光分布差异增大.     

High-precision frequency-domain measurements of the optical properties of turbid media

We report high-precision measurements of the absorption and the reduced scattering coefficients for turbid media. Using a frequency-domain measurement technique for a point-source infinite-medium geometry, we find that the standard deviations of multiple measurements of the absorption coefficient mu(a) and the reduced scattering coefficient mu(s)(?) are less than 0.6%, and three independently derived values for mu(a) and mu(s)(?) agree to better than 1%. Measurements of mu(a) agree with measurements of a nonscattering medium to within 1.2%. To obtain high precision requires attention to proper conditions for the spherical photon-density wave model, the detection linearity, and the ratio of the absorption rate to the source modulation rate. Frequency-domain amplitude and phase measurements deviate from fitted curves by 0.1% and 0.06 degrees rms, respectively.     

Dental biothermophotonics: How photothermal methods are winning the race with X-rays for dental caries diagnostic needs of clinical dentistry

Recent trends in biothermophotonics of teeth are presented. The presentation is centered on the development of clinical-level frequency-domain photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence to address issues associated with the early diagnosis of demineralization caries in human teeth. Biothermophotonic principles and applications to the detection of the carious state in human teeth as embodied by laser photothermal radiometry are presented and further supported by modulated luminescence. The emphasis is on recent developments with regard to abilities of these techniques to diagnose interproximal lesions between teeth, etching with phosphoric acid and with an artificial demineralization gel in order to simulate early demineralization, as well as demineralization and remineralization of dental crown enamel and root dentin. These are lesions which normally go undetected by X-ray radiographs. Comparisons with X rays, Micro-Computed Tomography (μ-CT) and Transverse Micro-Radiography (TMR) are discussed. A theoretical model involving coupled diffuse photon density and thermal-wave fields is developed and applied to frequency scans from demineralized artificial lesions to produce quantitative values for optical and thermophysical parameters of teeth as well as the thickness of the induced lesion.     

Dental biothermophotonics: A quantitative photothermal analysis of early dental demineralization

Photothermal Radiometry (PTR) is applied as a safe, non-destructive, and highly sensitive tool for the detection of early enamel demineralization. Teeth were treated sequentially with artificial demineralization to simulate controlled mineral loss. PTR frequency scans were performed at the same surface spot before and after each treatment. After 4 days of demineralization, the signal changed significantly compared to sound enamel scans. A coupled diffuse-photon-density-wave and thermal-wave theoretical model was developed to describe the biothermophotonic phenomena in the turbid medium consisting of a demineralised layer, sound enamel, and dentin. As a result of the fittings, thermal and optical properties of the layers were obtained.     

牙齿龋齿损伤可见-近红外光谱偏振检测研究

针对不同龋齿损伤程度有效表征问题,探究一种光谱偏振无损低耗的检测方法,作为对常规检测方法如化学分析法、表面轮廓测定法、显微放射照相术的有益补充。牙齿龋齿损伤由脱矿溶解牙釉质与牙本质的钙与磷酸盐造成,牙齿组织表面微观结构发生了不同程度的变化,结构的变化导致其对光波散射特性与相位改变呈现不同程度的差异。基于偏振光谱对观测样本表面微观结构敏感的特征,不同龋齿损伤样本其表面微观结构变化与偏振信息强烈关联,提出一种光谱偏振有效表征牙齿龋齿损伤度的方法。分别选取450,550,670和860 nm四个不同观测光谱研究波段,选择六个不同龋坏程度的实验样本,选取偏振度参量描述不同牙齿样本的光谱偏振特性。实验结果表明,同一观测光谱波段随着牙齿龋坏程度的加深其偏振度表征参量呈现增加趋势,同时,对于同一观测样本450 nm光谱波段的偏振特性强于其他波段,呈现观测光谱波段与其偏振特性负相关关系。为进一步定量刻画偏振光谱与牙齿龋坏损伤等级的表征关系,构建光谱偏振特征参量与不同损伤等级牙齿样本的指数关联数学模型,通过数学模型解译其内在耦合关联。为有效验证构建模型的稳健性,对模型仿真预测结果与实测数据进行定量化验证,选取和方差（SSE）、模型确定系数（R-square）、均方根（RMSE）等评价因子对构建的模型进行定量评判。结果表明,四个不同光谱波段的模型确定系数均接近于1,和方差与均方根数值均较小,且450nm观测光谱波段接近于0,定量评价结果验证了构建模型的稳健性与有效性,构建模型可有效解译不同龋齿样本与光谱偏振特征的耦合关联。该研究内容有效扩展了牙齿龋齿检测方式,揭示了光谱偏振可有效表征龋齿损伤,发展了一种无损低耗的新型偏振光谱检测技术手段。     

Noncontact measurement of the thermal diffusivity of IR semi-transparent and semiconducting n-CdMgSe mixed crystals by means of the photothermal radiometry

In this paper we present results of noncontact measurements of the thermal diffusivity of infrared semi-transparent n-CdMgSe mixed semiconductor crystals by means of the photothermal radiometry (PTR) in a transmission configuration. In order to overcome an influence of the infrared semi-transparency and plasma waves on the PTR signal from n-CdMgSe mixed crystals the samples were covered by thin aluminum foils on both sides. The thermal diffusivities of n-CdMgSe mixed crystals were estimated from PTR phase frequency characteristics using a well-known formula. It was found that the obtained results are underestimated in comparison to thermal diffusivities estimated from the PPE (photopyro-electric) measurements. A three layer model of a PTR signal was applied in order to estimate an error in determination of the thermal diffusivity of a sample caused by aluminum foils.     

Effect of laser beam size on measurement contrast of thermophysical gradients in layered structures using thermal-wave techniques

The effect of the laser source spotsize on the measurement sensitivity of layered system using photothermal radiometry (PTR) technique is presented. The beam size effect on the PTR measurement sensitivity is theoretically examined and experimentally demonstrated using a carbo-nitrided C1018 steel sample. The experimental results using a focused beam and an expanded beam for a carbo-nitrided C1018 sample validated the theoretical prediction, according to which the expanded beam showed a much larger magnitude change (contrast) in both amplitude and phase than results with a focused beam.     

Minority carrier recombination lifetimes in n-type CdMgSe mixed crystals measured by means of the photothermal infrared radiometry

Minority recombination lifetimes of n-type CdMgSe mixed crystals were estimated by using infrared photothermal radiometry (PTR) amplitude and phase frequency spectra. The results obtained by the PTR method indicate that the lifetimes of optically generated carriers in CdSe and Cd_xMg_1?xSe crystals are about 0.1 μs. The diffusion length of minority carrier in n-type CdSe single crystal was found to be 4.42 μm and it is in a good agreement with the literature value. It was found that with the increasing thermal-to-plasma component coefficient A the carrier concentration increases as expected from PTR theory.