“压强对化学平衡的影响”定量实验的探讨与商榷

通过对《化学教育》2015年第9期文章《一个定性到定量实验的创新案例——"压强对化学平衡的影响"实验改进》的探讨和12次定量实验验证,创新了NO_2气体制备、充装方法,并对该改进实验中不可忽视的4个细节问题提出解决方案,从实验数据不具备可重复性的角度,说明该实验"从定性到定量"的设想在实际中是不可能达成的。     

化学学科核心素养导向下的“化学平衡”教学研究

为了克服现行教材编写的不足及现有教学研究的局限性,在“化学平衡”主题教学中设计和实施“素养为本”的有效课堂教学策略。引导学生从宏观上认识可逆反应及化学平衡状态,再从微观上对化学平衡进行解释。通过猜想、演算、验证、推广等探究活动认识化学平衡常数,从而实现化学平衡的定性分析到定量判断。通过“收集证据、提出假设、构建模型、模型预测和实验验证”等活动探究外界条件对化学平衡的影响,创新了“勒夏特列原理”的认识方式。整节教学中设计“以真实情境为载体,以具体问题为驱动,以实验事实为证据,以思维模型为导向”的基本教学程序,让学生在系列探究活动中逐步发展化学学科核心素养。     

中国台湾地区“化学平衡”主题教学研究现状分析

以“化学平衡”为研究对象，筛选中国台湾地区从1991年到2022年与该主题相关的研究成果，得到期刊论文11篇、硕士论文22篇，发文者皆来自于高校。对样本论文的研究范式、研究方法、研究对象、研究类型、研究内容等5个角度进行分析发现：中国台湾对“化学平衡”的研究，多采用定性与定量相结合的实证研究，研究内容包括学生的概念理解、心智模式和教学策略等，聚焦学生的认知过程，关注实验创新和教育技术的融合。对比海峡两岸对“化学平衡”的研究发现同中有异，据此提出了相关建议，以期为该主题的教学和研究提供参考。     

浅谈化学平衡常数的量纲问题

对于化学平衡常数有无量纲的问题,长期以来,人们争论不休,意见始终未能统一,许多物理化学教科书的说法也不尽相同。有的认为化学平衡常数是有量纲的;有的则认为化学平衡常数是无量纲的;还有的认为由质量作用定律导出的化学平衡常数一般具有量纲,而由热力学基本方程导出的化学平衡常数是无量纲的。     

用化学平衡常数证明影响化学平衡的因素

在中学化学影响化学平衡条件的教学中,依据中学化学教材介绍的化学平衡常数表达式,来分析和证明影响化学平衡移动的因素,这是一种新教法。此教法能使学生快速明白和快速判断化学平衡移动的方向。同时,还能使学生进一步理解化学平衡常数的意义。     

利用手持技术探究浓度对化学平衡的影响

为便于学生深入理解化学平衡知识点,借助手持技术,在教材的基础上,从定性探究单一浓度对Fe3+-SCN-平衡体系化学平衡移动的影响转化为定量探究多个浓度对化学平衡移动的影响,同时还探究了加入晶体后对化学平衡移动的影响。并通过对实验现象及图表的分析得出了随着加入硫氰化钾的浓度和质量的增加,化学平衡往正反应方向移动的程度增加的结论。     

深入理解化学平衡常数及其应用——对2019年全国理综(Ⅰ卷)化学第28题的分析

在已有的化学平衡常数教学的基础上,提出认知化学平衡常数的新角度--化学平衡常数的多种表达式。依据教材中用浓度表示的化学平衡常数并结合理想气体状态方程,推导用物质的量分数及分压表示的化学平衡常数表达式,分析3者之间的区别和联系,进而应用化学平衡常数的多种表达形式解决2019年全国(Ⅰ卷)化学第28题中的相关问题,使学生深入理解解答这道高考试题的关键所在。同时,拓展了学生对平衡常数的认识,提升了学生灵活应用平衡常数解决问题的能力。     

IUPAC的稳定常数数据库——SCDBASE

络合物的稳定常数是物理化学、分析化学和环境化学中使用十分频繁的一种资料。稳定常数在许多物理化学计算和化学平衡／形态分布等的定量计算方面有十分重要的作用。许多化学家的研究工作也致力于一些新的稳定常数的测定，每年发表在全球的化学期刊上都有上千篇论文进行稳...     

含表面活性剂多元配合物体系中化学平衡的研究

提出以光谱法与电导法研究含表面活性剂多元配合物体系的化学平衡,从定量方程式可知,三元配合物转化率最高时,相应的表面活性剂最佳浓度与有关组分间缔合数和稳定常数密切相关。     

促进学生认识发展的化学平衡教学设计研究

基于认识方式有关理论及高中生化学平衡认识模型,分析高中生在化学平衡从必修到选修的认识发展情况,进行促进学生认识发展的教学设计,实施课堂教学,并对比传统以知识获得为主的课堂教学,通过学生实际认识测查数据说明促进学生认识发展型教学优于传统教学。建议教师充分挖掘化学平衡常数的认识功能与价值,围绕化学平衡常数开展课堂教学,建立和发展学生对化学平衡的认识。     

"Alpha"-, "beta"- and "delta"-anhydrodigitoxigenin

The syntheses of 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-14, 20:22-dienolide (= «β»-anhydro-), 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-8:14, 20:22-dienolide (= «α»-anhydro-) and «δ»-anhydro-digitoxigenin (= probably 3β-hydroxy-5β, 14β-carda-8, 20:22-dienolide) by the best ways known to date, have been described. «δ»-Anhydro-digitoxigenin represents the thermodynamically most stable isomer. In this isomer the double bond in position 8 is unaffected by hydrogenation with Pt in acetic acid; with perbenzoic acid an epoxide results from which, on hydrogenation, the double bond can be regenerated in its original position. Analogous reactions are known to occur in the 8:14-epoxides.     

化“材”为“筑”

Chemistry is a central, practical and creative discipline. The development of chemistry plays an important role in the progress of science and society, as well as the improvement of the quality of human life. This paper introduces the chemical knowledge of stone, concrete, glass and other inorganic nonmetallic building materials by the anthropomorphically story. Taking nanomaterials as an example, the prospect of building materials development in the future is put forward.     

Making "wheels" and "cubes" from triangles

[Mn(IV)Mn(II)3] triangular units directed by the presence of tripodal alcohols self-assemble in the presence of azide and acetate ligands to form either a [Mn24] "wheel" or a [Mn32] "cube".     

"Turn-on" fluorescent sensing with "reactive" probes

Chemical probes are valuable tools for the investigation of biochemical processes, diagnosis of disease markers, detection of hazardous compounds, and other purposes. Therefore, the development of chemical probes continues to grow through various approaches with different disciplines and design strategies. Fluorescent probes have received much attention because they are sensitive and easy-to-operate, in general. To realize desired selectivity toward a given analyte, the recognition site of a fluorescent probe is designed in such a way to maximize the binding interactions, usually through weak molecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, toward the analyte over other competing ones. In addition to such a supramolecular approach, the development of fluorescent probes that sense analytes through chemical reactions has witnessed its usefulness for achieving high selectivity, in many cases, superior to that obtainable by the supramolecular approach. Creative incorporations of the reactive groups to latent fluorophores have provided novel chemical probes for various analytes. In this feature article, we overview the recent progress in the development of turn-on fluorescent probes that are operating through chemical reactions triggered by target analytes. Various chemical reactions have been implemented in the development of many reactive probes with very high selectivity and sensitivity toward target analytes. A major emphasis has been focused on the type of chemical reactions utilized, with the hope that further explorations can be made with new chemical reactions to develop reactive probes useful for various applications.     

"Decoking" of a "coked" zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge

'Decoking' of a 'coked' zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge in oxygen is investigated. The 'decoking' process involves reactions of atomic oxygen (O atoms) with 'coke' and yields gases such as CO, CO₂ as well as other gaseous products that could be easily pumped out.Three different modes of discharge were investigated including a static mode, a flowing-gas mode, and a periodic-purge mode where the oxygen and other gaseous products of the discharge were replaced by fresh O₂ gas after short but regular intervals of time. In some cases, additional heating was also used to provide base temperatures of the order of 100 °C to facilitate penetration of oxygen atoms into the inner layers and cages of the zeolite catalyst.This paper presents some results of spectroscopic analytical techniques used to monitor the atomization of oxygen, oxidation of 'coke', and to confirm the process of 'decoking'. More specifically, radiation emission on the 3 s ⁵S– 3p ⁵P transitions of O around 777.2–777.5 nm were selected for monitoring the atomization of O₂. On the other hand, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the amount of residual carbon and extent of 'decoking'. Furthermore, evolution of CO and CO₂ gases as a function of time was systematically monitored in real time. For CO, the 451.1 nm band head belonging to the B¹ - A¹ bands of the Angstrom system of the CO spectrum was used, while for CO₂, the band head at 353.4 nm belonging to the CO₂⁺ spectrum was used. The rates of evolution of CO and CO₂ were related to the rate of 'decoking' of the catalyst. It is noted that in the periodic-purge mode, about 63% of the total yield of CO from a given sample of the catalyst appears in the first 3-min exposure to discharge whereas it takes up to 15 min to remove nearly 94% of the removable carbon under our experimental conditions.     

营养化学课程翻转课堂的探索与实践

With its tailored learning content, flexible learning environment and directed teacher guidance, the flipped classroom in "nutrition chemistry" has effectively solved the problems of students' specialty, large number and limited time in the course of elective course. The teaching mode based on the cultivation of students' ability and the core of improving scientific literacy was constructed.     

Size evolution study of "molecular" and "atom-in-cluster" polarizabilities of medium-size gold clusters

A study on static polarizabilities for a family of gold clusters (Au(n), n = 6, 12, 20, 34, 54) is presented. For each cluster, a density functional theory perturbation theory calculation was performed to compute the cluster polarizability and the polarizability of each atom in the cluster using Bader's "quantum theory of atoms in molecules" formalism. The cluster polarizability tensor, α(cluster), is expressed as a sum of the atom-in-molecule tensors, α(cluster)=∑(Ω)α(Ω). A strong quadratic correlation (R(2) = 0.98) in the isotropic polarizability of atoms in the cluster and their distance to the cluster center of mass was observed. The cluster polarizabilities are in agreement with previous calculations.     

梦萦魂牵--《化学通报》复刊30年

哲学家和物理学家都喜欢研究和讨论“时间” ,时间之矢告诉人们光阴冉冉不复返 ,矢者失也。然而人们却总想回忆 ,寻找那些美好的或沮丧的过去 ,是安慰或自娱吧。我一直相信生活总是向前的 ,社会总是进步的 ,就和宇宙不停地膨胀一样。《化学通报》复刊已经 3 0年了 ,既然是复刊 ,必然先有停刊。历史总是把破坏和重建放在一起考虑的 ,才能找出规律。人们都说 2 0世纪是自然科学大发达的时代 ,然而 2 0世纪又是人类社会灾难最多的时代。正因如此 ,才促使科学多极化地、多样性地发展起来 ,从欧洲到美洲到亚洲 ,一点点 ,慢慢地扩散开来 ,也许 ,真…