稻壳炭基固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化酯化反应性能

以热解稻壳炭为原料, 浓硫酸为磺化剂制备了固体酸催化剂. 采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、元素分析、孔结构分析和热重-质谱联用等手段对其进行了表征. 以油酸和甲醇的酯化为探针反应, 考察了磺化温度和时间对催化剂活性的影响, 探讨了反应条件对油酸转化率的影响, 并对所制催化剂的稳定性进行了研究. 结果表明, 制备该催化剂的适宜磺化温度和时间分别为90℃和0.25 h, 在该条件下制得的催化剂为无定形碳结构, 磺酸基密度为0.7 mmol/g. 该催化剂表现出较高的催化酯化反应活性, 在催化剂用量为5%、甲醇/油酸摩尔比为4、酯化温度和时间分别为110℃和2 h的条件下, 油酸的酯化率可达98.7%. 该催化剂具有较好的稳定性, 经7次连续反应后, 油酸的酯化率仍可达96.0%.     

生物质炭基固体酸催化剂的制备

 以生物质木粉为原料, 采用炭化-磺化法制备了炭基固体酸催化剂, 并用于油酸与甲醇的酯化反应, 考察了制备条件对炭基固体酸催化剂活性的影响. 采用 X 射线衍射、红外光谱、热重分析、高分辨透射电子显微镜及元素分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 由生物质木粉制备的炭基固体酸催化剂具有较高催化酯化反应活性, 在 400 oC 下炭化 0.5 h, 135 oC 下磺化 1 h 制备的炭基固体酸催化剂在精馏分水连续酯化装置中催化油酸与甲醇的酯化反应 2 h 时, 酯化转化率达到 96%. 采用炭化-磺化法制备的生物质炭基固体酸催化剂具有蠕虫状的无序乱层炭结构, 磺酸基 (－SO3H) 含量高达 13.25%, 并且在 220 oC 以下时具有良好的热稳定性.     

磺酸型阳离子交换树脂催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

以磺酸型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂，由肉桂酸和甲醇合成了肉桂酸甲酯。考察了反应条件对酯化反应的影响和树脂的催化稳定性。结果表明，肉桂酸的转化率可达９５．５％，且催化剂的性能稳定。     

固体超强酸ZrO_2/S2O_8~(2-)催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

研究了在固体超强酸ZrO2/S2O2-8催化下,肉桂酸与甲醇作用合成肉桂酸甲酯的工艺.考查了催化剂的用量、酸醇摩尔比、反应时间及催化剂的性能对反应的影响.最佳反应条件为∶n(肉桂酸)∶n(甲醇)=1∶10,m(肉桂酸)∶m(催化剂)=3∶1,反应温度90～95℃,反应时间5h,酯化率为95.7%.     

磺化聚苯乙烯大孔树脂催化醛、酮与乙二醇缩合

合成了交换量不同的磺化聚苯乙烯大孔树脂,并将其运用于催化环已酮与乙二醇、苯甲醛与乙二醇的缩合反应。实验表明,磺化聚苯乙烯大孔树脂对醛、酮与乙二醇的缩合反应的催化效果良好,在0.2mol酮(或醛)中加入0.1g树脂,催化环己酮与乙二醇缩合反应的产率最高可达98.2%,催化苯甲醛与乙二醇缩合反应的产率可达73.3%。同时还发现磺化聚苯乙烯大孔树脂的交换量与催化合成缩酮、缩醛的产率有关,交换量为1.00mmol/g时其产率最高,催化性能较稳定。交换量小和交换量太大的树脂催化产率低。该树脂可以重复使用。催化反应完成后,树脂与反应液的分离十分方便,且催化剂对环境没有污染。     

高活性单分散磺化聚苯乙烯多孔微球用于生物柴油制备研究

采用回流-沉淀聚合法高效制备了单分散交联多孔聚苯乙烯微球，再在温和的条件下对其进行磺化，制备了磺化聚苯乙烯多孔微球.以调控磺化度和酸密度为目标，重点考察了溶剂用量、溶胀时间、氯磺酸用量、磺化温度和磺化时间等影响因素.用5 mL CCl₄溶胀0.5 g交联聚苯乙烯微球，然后加入0.3 mL氯磺酸，在50℃磺化75 min，磺化度和酸密度分别可以达到85.1%和2.611 mmol·g^-1.该磺化聚苯乙烯微球在催化油酸和甲醇酯化合成生物柴油中表现出很高的催化活性，远高于酸性离子交换树脂Ameberlyst-15，接近于均相的浓硫酸体系；且循环使用3次后，催化活性仍可保持初始活性的92%.提供了一种简单、绿色和可控的方法，制备了酸密度可控、稳定性好的单分散磺化聚苯乙烯微球，在工业制备生物柴油领域具有较好的前景.     

固体超强酸ZrO2/S2O2-8催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

研究了在固体超强酸ZrO2／S2O8^2-催化下，肉桂酸与甲醇作用合成肉桂酸甲酯的工艺．考查了催化剂的用量、酸醇摩尔比、反应时间及催化剂的性能对反应的影响．最佳反应条件为：n(肉桂酸)：n(甲醇)=1：l0，m(肉桂酸)：m(催化剂)=3：1，反应温度90—95℃，反应时间5h，酯化率为95．7％．     

以硫酸镓/凹凸棒固体酸为催化剂的肉桂酸乙酯合成综合制备实验设计

利用自制硫酸镓/凹凸棒固体酸催化剂代替浓硫酸,设计了肉桂酸乙酯合成综合制备实验,该实验由肉桂酸制备、硫酸镓/凹凸棒固体酸催化剂制备、肉桂酸乙酯合成、肉桂酸乙酯酯化率测定等部分组成。当肉桂酸乙酯合成条件为肉桂酸7.5 g、无水乙醇18 mL、反应温度120 ℃、反应时间3.0 h时,肉桂酸乙酯的酯化率不低于85%,所制催化剂经7次重复使用,肉桂酸乙酯的酯化率仍达42.3%。实验克服了浓硫酸催化法存在的缺点,具备显著的综合实验特征。     

十二烷基磺酸镧催化合成肉桂酸正丁酯的研究

合成了十二烷基磺酸镧,用于催化正丁醇和肉桂酸的酯化反应,考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量和反应时间对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品用折光率、元素分析、红外光谱和~1H/~(13)C核磁进行了表征。实验结果表明,十二烷基磺酸镧催化合成肉桂酸正丁酯的最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比为2∶1,催化剂用量3.0%(以肉桂酸的物质的量计),反应时间120 min,反应温度140℃。在最佳反应条件下,肉桂酸正丁酯收率在94%以上。反应结束后,催化剂通过简单的相分离即可重复使用,催化剂重复使用5次仍保持较高活性。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成丁二酸二丁酯

用强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化丁二酸和正丁醇的酯化反应,合成了丁二酸二丁酯。研究了影响反应的因素和催化剂的重复使用性能,在丁二酸25mmol,正丁醇200mmol和催化剂1．5g,回流分水120min的反应条件下,酯化率达95．7％。催化剂套用5次,其活性未发生明显变化。     

NaHSO4·H2O催化合成苯甲酸甲酯

以 Na HSO4 · H2 O催化苯甲酸与甲醇的酯化反应 ,合成了苯甲酸甲酯。研究结果表明 ,Na HSO4 · H2 O具有较高的催化活性。考察了苯甲酸 /甲醇摩尔比、催化剂用量及反应时间对酯产率的影响。在优化反应条件 [n(苯甲酸 )∶n(甲醇 )∶n( Na HSO4 ·H2 O) =1∶ 2∶ 0 .2 9,回流8h]下 ,苯甲酸甲酯产率达 85.3 %。     

四氯化锡催化合成己二酸二丁酯

应用五水四氯化锡催化己二酸和正丁酯的酯化反应，合成了己二酸二丁酯。研究结果表明，五水四氯化锡具有较高的催化活性。考察了己二酸／正丁醇摩尔比和催化剂用量对酯产率的影响，在适宜反应条件[n(己二酸)：n(正丁醇)：n(四氯化锡)＝1：8：0．114，回流反应60min]下，己二酸二丁酯的产率为96．9％。     

ZrOCl2 x 8H2O: an efficient, cheap and reusable catalyst for the esterification of acrylic acid and other carboxylic acids with equimolar amounts of alcohols

Esterifications of carboxylic acids with equimolar amount of alcohols could be efficiently catalyzed by ZrOCl(2) x 8H(2)O. Acrylate esters were obtained in good yields under solvent-free conditions at ambient temperature. The esterification of other carboxylic acids with alcohols also proceeded at ambient temperature or at 50 oC to afford esters in high yields. If the esterification was performed in toluene under azeotropic reflux conditions to remove water, both the catalytic activity of ZrOCl(2) x 8H(2)O and the rate of esterification could be increased greatly. Furthermore, in the present catalytic system, the esters could be easily separated from the reaction mixtures and the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused.     

Adsorption-parallel catalytic waves of cinnamic acid in hydrogen peroxide-tetra-n-butylammonium bromide-acetate system

The mechanism of the adsorption-parallel catalytic wave of cinnamic acid (C6H5—CH = CH—COOH) in acetate buffer (pH = 4.0)-H2O2-tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (Bu4N · Br) solution was studied by the linear-sweep polarography, cyclic voltammetry and digital simulation approach. Experimental results indicate that the reduction mechanism of cinnamic acid is ECdimE' process, in which the C = C double bond of cinnamic acid first undergoes 1 e, 1H reduction to produce an intermediate free radical C6H5—CH—CH2—COOH(E), then the further reduction of the free radical in 1e,1H addition (E') occurs simultaneously with a dimerization reaction between two free radicals (Cdim). Bu4N · Br enhances the polarographic current of cinnamic acid and shifts the peak potential to positive direction. The enhancement action of Bu4N · Br is due to the adsorption of cinnamic acid induced by Bu4N species. In addition, H2O2 causes the parallel catalytic wave of cinnamic acid. The mechanism of the catalytic wave is EC' proce     

固载杂多酸SiW_(12)/C催化合成富马酸二甲酯

用自制的固体杂多酸催化剂SiW12 /C进行催化酯化合成富马酸二甲酯 (DMF) .探讨了催化剂用量、醇 /酸比、反应时间、反应温度等动力学条件对合成DMF的影响 .确定了合成DMF的最佳合成工艺条件 :醇 /酸物质的量比为 6∶1,催化剂用量为富马酸质量的 2 .5 % ,反应时间 7.0h ,反应温度为回流温度 ,酯化率可达 90 .6 % .结果表明 ,该催化剂催化活性高 ,可重复使用 ,后处理容易 ,生产成本低且无三废污染 .     

磷钨杂多酸类离子液体催化环戊烯选择性氧化制备戊二醛

以H_2O_2为氧化剂,将一系列磷钨杂多酸类离子液体用于催化环戊烯(CPE)选择性氧化制备戊二醛(GA)反应,筛选出催化活性最高的催化剂为[π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]_3PW_4O_(16).分别探讨了溶剂种类、用量、催化剂用量、H_2O_2用量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对反应的影响.确定了优化的反应条件:5 mL乙酸乙酯,n(Cat.)∶n(H_2O_2)∶n(CPE)=0.03∶50∶33,35℃,18 h,环戊烯的转化率达100%,戊二醛的选择性达87%.催化剂[π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]_3PW_4O_(16)循环使用7次后,戊二醛的选择性仍保持在80%以上.     

稀土盐酯化催化剂失活原因的探讨

实验发现，稀土盐作为酯化反应催化剂，重复使用时活性有较大幅度的下降。本文采用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）及程度升温分解（ＴＰＤＥ）等手段，结合四水硫酸铈（Ⅳ）催化合成乙醇单乙醚醋酸酯的反应活性测定，对鹇催化剂和经不同预处理的催化剂进行了研究，讨论了催化剂失活的原因。结果表明，四水硫酸铈（Ⅳ）的催化活性与表面质子酸性质有关。在反应过程中，催化剂发生结晶水的丢失，铈离子价态的降低及晶体结构的变化，使催化剂的质     

硅烷偶联剂改性SBA-15固载Keggin型杂多酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以3-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MEMO)表面改性的介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,制备了一系列介孔分子筛/硅烷偶联剂@杂多酸复合催化剂SBA-15/MEMO@HnXW12O40(X=P⁵+,Si⁴⁺,B³⁺;n=3,4,5),并利用FTIR、P-XRD、TEM、N2吸附-脱附对其结构进行表征。以SBA-15/MEMO@HnXW12O40(X=P⁵⁺,Si⁴⁺,B³⁺;n=3,4,5)为负载型杂多酸催化剂对柠檬酸三丁酯的催化合成进行研究,分别考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯酯化率的影响,并获得合成柠檬酸三丁酯的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:当负载型硅钨酸催化剂的负载量为50%、催化剂用量为3.8%、酸醇摩尔比为1∶4、反应温度为140℃、反应时间为6 h、环己烷用量为5 mL时酯化率可达97.56%,重复使用7次后酯化率仍可达62.67%。     

Preparation and Catalytic Activity of SO42-/TiO-La2O3 in Synthesis of Butyl Butyrate

Butyl butyrate is a very important compound, which is transparent liquid and has the pear,apple flavor. Natural exist is in the fruit, such as apple, pear, banana, grape and strawberry, etc.Primarily used for to prepare the edible spice and is also widely used in industrial intermediate product, solvent and synthetic perfumery. Until now, there are many methods to synthesize it.Conventionally H2SO4 was reported, but it causes many problems, such as the erosion of equipment,easily causes the vice-reaction, difficulty for after-treatment, environment pollution etc. A new environmentally friendly catalyst, SO42-/TiO2-La2O3 was prepared. And catalytic activity of catalyst in esterification of n-butanoic acid and n-butyl alcohol with SO42-/TiO2-La2O3 as catalyst has been no report up to now. Therefore, studying on the synthetic catalyst has theoretical and practical significances. The catalytic activity of catalyst in esterification of n-butanoic acid and n-butyl alcohol was measured.In this paper, we fast reported the preparation of SO42-/riO2-La2O3 and discussed the factors influencing the synthesis catalyst. The catalyst rare earth solid superacid SO42-/TiO2-La2O3 was The precipitate was filtered and washed thoroughly with distilled water until chloride ions were free.furnace at 480 ℃ for 3 h, and finally stored in a desiccator until use.The factors influencing the synthesis were discussed and the best conditions were found out. The experiment indicated that this catalyst has the following advantage. The amount of catalyst was little and getting high yield, its product has a good quanlity and is favour of reducing erosion of equipment, avoiding environment pollution. The optimum conditions are: molar ratio of n-butanoic acid to n-butyl alcohol was 1:1.5, the quantity of catalyst was equal to 1.5% of feed stocks, the reaction temperature was 93-114 ℃, and the reaction time was 1.0 h. Rare earth solid superacid SO42-/TiO2-La2O3 is an excellent catalyst for synthetizing butyl butyrate and its yield can reach over 90.0%.A good catalyst should be able to be used repeatedly. The reusing of the catalyst was studied. We found that the catalytic activities of our catalyst are almost unchanged after it had been used five times. From the above results and discussion, we can see that the synthesis of n-butyl butyrate by SO42-/TiO2-La2O3 instead of H2SO4 has a great prospect of application. It has a good applied foreground.     

乳酸丁酯的非均相催化合成

在Ga2 O3负载量为20％,500℃焙烧2h的条件下制备了固体酸催化剂Ga2 O3/SiO2,利用红外光谱分析对催化剂进行了表征.将其用于非均相催化合成乳酸丁酯的反应,考察了催化剂用量、n(正丁醇)∶n(乳酸)、环己烷用量、反应时间和催化剂重复使用性能等因素对酯化率的影响.结果表明,该催化剂催化合成乳酸丁酯的适宜反应...