紫外分光光度法测定食用菌中维生素C

食用菌中含有大量的无机质、维生素、蛋白质等丰富的营养成分,且热量很低[1],作为一种绿色食品深受人们的喜爱。现代医学证明,食用菌能增强人体的免疫机能,具有抗肿瘤、降血脂等作用,是一种有良好开发前景的药用资源[2]。维生素C是人体不可缺少的成分,当人体缺乏维生素C的时候,组织中胶原质会变的不稳定而无法正常发挥功能。研究表明食用菌中含有丰富的维生素C,探讨定量分     

食用菌中 Ca、Mg 含量的测定

采用FAAS法对食用菌中微量元素 Ca、Mg 的含量分别在无释放剂和加入锶盐和镧盐作释放剂条件下进行了测定.结果发现,加入锶和镧盐均能提高大多数试样 Ca、Mg 元素含量的测定灵敏度,且镧盐的释放效果明显高于锶盐,但有个别反常现象.对比锶盐和镧盐作释放剂条件下的测定结果和加标回收率,也表明镧盐作释放剂的回收率更接近100%.     

超高效液相色谱法测定食用菌中L-麦角硫因及质谱确证

建立了超高效液相色谱（UPLC）结合亲水相互作用色谱（HILIC）测定食用菌中L-麦角硫因含量的方法,并采用UPLC-四极杆串联飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）进行确证。对食用菌样品前处理及色谱条件进行优化,样品经提取过膜后,采用HILIC-UPLC检测,外标法定量。结果显示,在不同食用菌样品中,加标回收率为80.0%～120.0%;日内、日间相对标准偏差（RSD）范围分别为0.4%～4.6%和1.7%～6.0%;采用科克伦和格拉布斯检验法,对7个不同实验室测定的4个相同食用菌样品数据的有效性进行检验,全部符合要求,计算得其重复性、再现性相对标准偏差范围分别为1.6%～2.4%和2.7%～7.5%。采用该方法对23个食用菌样品进行测定,其中牛肝菌中L-麦角硫因含量最高。方法可用于食用菌中L-麦角硫因含量的检测。     

锌诱导对香菇菌丝生长速度及金属硫蛋白含量影响

金属硫蛋白(Metallothionein)对镉、铜和锌等多种元素有高度亲和性,具有重金属解毒的功能。选取食用菌中的香菇(Mushrooms)作为代表菌种,在固体培养基中添加了不同浓度梯度的元素锌盐溶液,每天测定不同锌浓度作用下香菇的生长速度;培养结束,测定菌丝体内锌含量和金属硫蛋白含量。结果表明,培养环境中锌浓度越高,菌丝体内富锌量越多。通过一系列元素吸附和金属硫蛋白含量相关性分析,发现元素锌含量与香菇中金属硫蛋白含量呈正相关性,锌含量越高,金属硫蛋白含量也越高。实验结果为香菇及其他食用菌富集元素锌机理提供参考,还为食用菌安全问题的解决提供一定参考依据。     

食用菌中SO2残留的分析调查及检测方法的研究

采用副玫瑰苯胺比色法对14种食用菌产品的SO2残留量进行了测定,并对SO2残留的检测方法进行了比较研究。结果显示,2种食用菌鲜品和2种罐头的SO2残留为20~27 mg/kg,低于国家标准(50 mg/kg)。食用菌干品的SO2残留标准可设定为小于500 mg/kg,有6种干品的SO2残留低于这一标准,为175~291 mg/kg;另外4种干品的SO2残留为1588~2 920 mg/kg,超标情况非常严重,它们都是些白色的食用菌(如银耳、金针菇、竹荪)。副玫瑰苯胺比色法是检测SO2残留最准确、最灵敏的方法,适合于各种SO2浓度的样品;改良的副玫瑰苯胺比色法只适合于高SO2残留的样品;碘量法不适宜检测深颜色的食用菌,而且在检测低SO2残留样品时准确度不高;快速测定法可用于食用菌产品中SO2残留的定性检测和半定量分析。     

食用菌中微量元素分析及营养价值与食品安全评价

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,测定香菇、金针菇、白玉菇、杏鲍菇和茶树菇5种食用菌中必需微量元素(Mg、Ca、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、Sr)和有害元素(As、Cd、Pb)的含量。以微量元素为指标,评价5种食用菌的营养价值和食用安全性。结果表明,5种食用菌均含有丰富Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn,及少量V、Co、Ni、Se、Sr、As、Cd和Pb,且重金属As、Cd和Pb含量均低于国家标准(GB7096-2003)中关于食用菌规定的总量,食用安全。统计回归分析表明,香菇与其它4种食用菌同属真菌,因此微量元素含量相关系数R0.6,但P值均大于0.05,说明微量元素含量因科属的不同而有较大差异,但影响不显著。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析测定食用菌中总砷

摘 要：采用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析测定食用菌中总砷。取可食部分的食用菌粉碎均匀,采用微波消解对样品进行消解,将消解液于140℃赶酸至0.5mL ,用超纯水转移定容至25mL。以0.1%的硝酸钯为基体改进剂,塞曼扣背景,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定总砷。方法检出限为0.4μg/L,线性范围为0~30 μg/L,线性相关系数(r)大于0.998,采用精密度考察方法重现性,不同浓度水平的RSD%均小于6.6%;三个浓度水平的加标回收率为80.6% ~ 103.9%,有证标准物质测定结果符合要求。实验结果表明,方法操作简便、灵敏、准确,适合食用菌中总砷的测定。对砷形态复杂的野生食用菌,微波消解后可直接采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定总砷。     

RP-HPLC法测定蔬菜、水果及食用菌中9种农药残留的研究

建立了反相高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜、水果和食用菌中9种农药(吡虫啉、啶虫脒、多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、嘧霉胺、除虫脲、灭幼脲、辛硫磷、阿维菌素)残留的可变波长检测器检测的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,PSA粉固相分散萃取净化,取净化液氮吹至近干后,以1 mL甲醇定容,采用C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱分离,以甲醇-乙腈(体积比3∶1)和水二元流动相梯度洗脱,采用紫外可变波长检测器(270,258,275,254,280,245 nm)检测,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温40℃。结果表明9种农药在0.05~10.0mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好;相关系数均大于0.999;检出限为0.006~0.07 mg/kg;平均加标回收率为81.0%~115.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%~10.2%。该方法具有快速、灵敏、准确、重现性好以及操作简单等特点,适用于蔬菜、水果以及食用菌中上述9种农药残留的分析。     

微波灰化-液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定干食用菌中的三价铬和六价铬

建立了干食用菌中三价铬(Cr(Ⅲ))和六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))的液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LC-ICP-MS)检测方法。采用微波灰化技术对食用菌样品进行灰化处理,灰化样品用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)二钠盐稳定其中的Cr(Ⅲ),并使其保留在阴离子交换柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,10 μm)上;用含有60 mmol/L硝酸(pH 9.3)的流动相分离其中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定。标准溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度在0.5~50 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性回归系数均达到0.9999。食用菌样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)不同加入量的平均回收率为78.0%~90.7%,相对标准偏差小于4%(n=6);定量限均为0.5 μg/L。该方法稳定、可靠、灵敏,可满足干食用菌中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的测定。     

食用菌类中矿物质元素的研究

用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对广东清远笔架山的 1 7种食用菌、 2种木耳及灵芝中赤芝的 8种矿物质元素进行了测定。结果表明 ,食用菌类是优质食品 ,富含对人体有益的微量元素 ,有较高营养价值     

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Wild‐Grown Edible Mushrooms

Abstract

In this study some heavy metal uptake in mushroom species, their metal content in soil substrate and the relation in between metal concentration in mushroom and soil were investigated. Mushroom species and soil in which mushroom species were grown were collected from Tokat region of Turkey. Six different mushroom species and their underlying soil (0–10 cm layer) samples were analyzed for some heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr and Co). The analysis was performed with an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicate that in general, heavy metal contents in all mushroom species were lower than the underlying soil substrates except for some mushroom species. The results obtained from the analyses of mushroom and underlying soil samples were evaluated using linear correlation analysis and concentration factors to identify the metal accumulation of mushrooms.     

Isolation,Characterization, and Medicinal Potential of Polysaccharides of Morchella esculenta

Mushroom polysaccharides are active medicinal compounds that possess immune-modulatory and anticancer properties. Currently, the mushroom polysaccharides krestin, lentinan, and polysaccharopeptides are used as anticancer drugs. They are an unexplored source of natural products with huge potential in both the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. The northern parts of Pakistan have a rich biodiversity of mushrooms that grow during different seasons of the year. Here we selected an edible Morchella esculenta (true morels) of the Ascomycota group for polysaccharide isolation and characterization. Polysaccharopeptides and polysaccharides from this mushroom were isolated using the green chemistry, hot water treatment method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the sugar nature and possible beta-glucan type structure of these polysaccharides. Antioxidant assays showed that the deproteinized polysaccharides have moderate free radical scavenging activity. These isolated polysaccharides exhibited good acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities. Therefore, these polysaccharides may be valuable for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Further bioassays are needed to discover the true potential of M. esculenta polysaccharides for medicinal purposes.     

蘑菇中甲壳素的提取及结构研究

以蘑菇为原料提取甲壳素,并制备壳聚糖。通过滴定法测定由蘑菇制备的壳聚糖的脱乙酰度,用乌氏黏度计测定了比浓黏度,并研究了制备工艺中加热温度和碱处理时间对它们的影响,计算了其产率;对以蘑菇为原料制取的甲壳素、壳聚糖的结构通过红外光谱进行表征。结果表明,在碱处理时间为24h、加热温度为100℃的条件下有较高的脱乙酰度;比浓黏度随着碱处理时间的延长、加热温度的增加都呈下降的趋势;壳聚糖产率为1．69％。制取的甲壳素、壳聚糖的红外光谱图表明,甲壳素在蘑菇中主要是以α-构型存在,α-构型甲壳素在浓碱中经过脱乙酰后生成β-构型的壳聚糖。     

Macrocybin,a Natural Mushroom Triglyceride,Reduces Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo through Caveolin-Mediated Interference with the Actin Cytoskeleton

Mushrooms have been used for millennia as cancer remedies. Our goal was to screen several mushroom species from the rainforests of Costa Rica, looking for new antitumor molecules. Mushroom extracts were screened using two human cell lines: A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and NL20 (immortalized normal lung epithelium). Extracts able to kill tumor cells while preserving non-tumor cells were considered “anticancer”. The mushroom with better properties was Macrocybe titans. Positive extracts were fractionated further and tested for biological activity on the cell lines. The chemical structure of the active compound was partially elucidated through nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and other ancillary techniques. Chemical analysis showed that the active molecule was a triglyceride containing oleic acid, palmitic acid, and a more complex fatty acid with two double bonds. The synthesis of all possible triglycerides and biological testing identified the natural compound, which was named Macrocybin. A xenograft study showed that Macrocybin significantly reduces A549 tumor growth. In addition, Macrocybin treatment resulted in the upregulation of Caveolin-1 expression and the disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton in tumor cells (but not in normal cells). In conclusion, we have shown that Macrocybin constitutes a new biologically active compound that may be taken into consideration for cancer treatment.     

鹅膏毒肽检测方法的研究进展

一直以来毒蘑菇中毒在全球范围内频发,成为最常见的食物中毒事件之一,也是食物中毒致死的最主要原因。毒蘑菇中含量最高、致死性最强的毒素为鹅膏毒肽。因此,鹅膏毒素准确快捷的检测对鉴别中毒源、患者后续治疗及预防有着重要意义。目前,鹅膏毒肽的常用检测方法包括色谱-质谱联用技术以及一些基于免疫识别和特殊化学结构的检测技术。而不断开发特异性强、灵敏度高、检测时间短的新型检测方法仍是目前的研究热点和重点。该文就鹅膏毒肽的检测方法进行综述,以期引起研究同行对此领域的关注,以激发更多的研究思路。     

Bioactive mushroom polysaccharides as antitumor: an overview

Immuno-therapies are gaining more importance to treat certain forms of cancer. The goal of therapies is to enhance person’s own IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE and macrophages to combat with neoplastic cells hence the effectiveness of the immune system. Since, early civilization mushrooms are considered as potent food as well as medicine. Mushrooms are well known for their bioactive compounds such as chizophyllan, lentinan, grifolan, PSP (polysaccharide-peptide complex) and PSK (polysaccharide-protein complex) which are considered as medicines against melignancy. They prevent oncogenesis by the direct effect on tumor metastasis and exhibits antitumor effects by the induction of immune response in host. Mushroom polysaccharides have promising future for treatment of cancers due to their mode of action and efficacy. Also there are some hurdles during this treatment, but it will start a new era of safer and effective medicine based on mushroom polysaccharides.     

A GC-MS study of the volatile organic composition of straw and oyster mushrooms during maturity and its relation to antioxidant activity

Mushrooms are very popular in the market for their nutritional and medicinal use. Mushroom volatiles are not only an important factor in the flavor, but also contain many antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant activity is a very important property for disease prevention. The volatile compositional characteristics of straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea [Bull. ex Fr.] Sing.) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus [Jacq. ex Fr.] Kummer) during maturity and the mushroom antioxidant activity related to the non-volatiles and volatiles are studied by a chromatographic method in combination with a spectrophotometric method. The volatile compounds of straw and oyster mushrooms are sampled and identified by a combination sampling method, including headspace solid phase microextraction and steam distillation, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. Among all the volatile compounds identified, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone are the two main compounds with the highest amounts in the volatile compositions of straw and oyster mushrooms. During maturity time of the straw mushrooms, the unsaturated 1-octen-3-ol peak area is reduced, whereas the saturated 3-octanone peak area is increased. However, during normal maturity time of oyster mushrooms, the peak areas of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone remain at the same level. 1-Octen-3-ol has a different antioxidant activity from 3-octanone. Combining the results of antioxidant experiments of water extract and main volatile components by the use of a phosphomolybdenum spectrophotometric method, the conclusion is drawn that oyster mushrooms might possess stronger antioxidant activities than straw mushrooms.     

Biohydrogen Production from Mushroom Cultivation Waste by Anaerobic Solid‐state Fermentation

Mushroom cultivation waste (MCW) is a polypropylene bag stuffed with wood flour and nutrients for growing mushroom, which is a feasible feedstock for anaerobic biohydrogen production owing to its abundant availability, high organic and nutrient content. This study optimized the seed inoculum from various waste sludges (sewage sludge, cow dung and pig slurry), nutrient addition and operation conditions (moisture content and MCW powder particle size) for maximal biohydrogen production by solid‐state fermentation (SSF). SSF batch test was operated at a MCW 3 g total volatile solid (TVS)/L, temperature 55 °C and rotation speed of 15 rpm with a vertical rotative shaker. The peak hydrogen production performance of hydrogen production rate (HPR) 9.50 mol H₂/kg‐d and hydrogen yield (HY) 0.29 mmol H₂/g TVS) are obtained using sewage sludge 2 seed inoculum, nutrients addition, moisture content 70 % and particle size of 1.190～0.590 mm. The results show that the MCW has the potential for hydrogen production by anaerobic mixed microflora using solid‐state fermentation. The bioenergy of 1842 kWh while using SSF to conver MCW to produce biohydrogen and it could reduce CO₂ emission of 114–178 kg per year comparing using fossil fuel such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas.     

Hanasanagin: a new antioxidative pseudo-di-peptide, 3,4-diguanidinobutanoyl-DOPA, from the mushroom, Isaria japonica

The ‘Hanasanagitake’ mushroom, Isaria japonica, is a folk medicine and a traditional health food. Fractionation of the 60% ethanol extract of the mushroom, guided by the antioxidant activity test, led to the isolation of a new pseudo-di-peptide, and it was called ‘hanasanagin’. Spectral analysis and chemical transformation determined the structure of hanasanagin as 3,4-diguanidinobutanoyl-DOPA.     

Isolation, structural elucidation and synthesis of a novel antioxidative pseudo-di-peptide, Hanasanagin, and its biogenetic precursor from the Isaria japonica mushroom

The entomogenous ‘Hanasanagitake’ mushroom, Isaria japonica, is used as a folk medicine and as a traditional health food choice in Japan. A search for naturally occurring antioxidative compounds from the mushroom led to the isolation of a novel pseudo-di-peptide, named Hanasanagin, and a possible biogenetic precursor. The structures of the pseudo-di-peptides were determined as (R)-3,4-diguanidinobutanoyl-(S)-DOPA and (R)-3,4-diguanidinobutanoyl-(S)-tyrosine by spectral analysis, chemical synthesis and enzymatic conversion.