Pr3N—ZSM—5分子筛的合成与表征

硅铝酸盐分子筛的合成一般采用水热晶化法,反应混台物的pH值大于10,并且体系中含有金属离子,分子筛原粉必须通过铵离子交换和焙烧才能转变为氢型催化剂,1986年,Guth等人曾在非碱性介质含氟体系中,在加晶种条件下以三丙胺为模板剂得到ZSM-5分子筛,文献报道的ZMS-5分子筛大单晶的合成均采用四丙基铵离子作模板剂,尚未见到用其它有机分子作为模板剂合成ZMS-5大单晶的报道,我们在非碱性介质含氟体系中以三丙胺直接合成出ZSM-5分子筛,并得到了大单晶。用多种实验技术对三丙胺在ZSM-5分子筛中的存在状态进行了表征。     

弱酸性介质中合成B-ZSM-5型分子筛

在弱酸性介质中,用四丙基溴化铵、氟化铵合成了B-ZSM-5型分子筛。由于晶化过程中无碱金属氢氧化物等强碱参与,B-ZSM-5型分子筛原粉为铵型,灼烧除掉NH₃及有机模板剂后,直接转化为氢型,吸附吡啶后IR谱中有B酸和L酸中心存在。扫描电镜分析表明,B-ZSM-5分子筛晶体生长完美,晶体形貌随硼含量不同呈规律性变化。X射线衍射、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、差热分析等结果表明,硼原子位于ZSM-5分子筛骨架中。     

模板剂对ZSM—5分子筛的成孔作用

用不同模板剂合成出不同硅铝比的ZSM-5沸石分子筛。在560℃赶除模板剂,经饱合吸冰后,应用多晶X射线衍射测定各样品的结晶度和晶胞体积。实验结果表明,合成氧化铝含量相同的ZSM-5分子筛时,加入不同的模板剂所得分子筛的晶胞体积不等(或称孔体积不等)。据此可以推测,模板剂对合成分子筛的造孔起支撑和定位的作用。     

ZSM-34分子筛的合成及其催化甲醇转化制烯烃反应性能

以氯化胆碱为模板剂,采用水热合成法在较短的晶化时间内合成了OFF/ERI共晶体ZSM-34,考察了各种合成条件对产物的影响.通过调变合成参数可以获得不同ERI含量的ZSM-34.用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和X射线荧光分析等对合成产物进行了表征.吸附实验显示,所合成的分子筛具有较大的孔容,其对正己烷的吸附容量为11.4%.HZSM-34分子筛对甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应具有良好的催化活性和高的乙烯选择性,低碳烯烃(乙烯 丙烯)选择性高达86.0%,并且在反应过程中始终维持在较高的水平,不受甲醇转化率降低的影响.高温水蒸气处理后的分子筛酸性降低,大大抑制了MTO初始反应中丙烷的选择性,而初始低碳烯烃的选择性则明显提高.     

气相转移法合成ZSM-5/SAPO-5复合分子筛

以磷酸、拟薄水铝石和硅溶胶为原料, 三乙胺为模板剂, 采用气相转移法合成了一系列ZSM-5/SAPO-5复合分子筛. 产物经X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线能量散射谱、红外光谱及N2 静态吸附法等手段对其进行了表征, 证明合成材料是以ZSM-5为核、SAPO-5为壳的双结构分子筛. 实验结果表明, 干胶制备条件及液相组成都影响复合分子筛的结晶. 晶化温度的提高和晶化时间的延长有利于分子筛结晶度的提高. VPT法可以减小SAPO-5和复合分子筛颗粒的直径, 改善SAPO-5在ZSM-5分子筛表面的分布. 重油裂化结果表明, 核壳结构复合分子筛对生成低碳烯烃的性能优于机械混合的样品.     

乙醇法合成硼硅Pentasil型分子筛

七十年代,美国Mobil公司^[1]发表了ZSM-5型沸石分子筛的专利,该沸石具有独特的结构和良好的催化性能,在石油化工技术中业已展现出广阔的应用前景.1980年,M.Taramasso^[2]等人用四丙基胺、正硅酸乙酯等原料合成出了四种硼硅分子筛.1981年,作者^[3]在国内首次用有机胶合成出硼硅Pentasil型分子筛(ZSM-5型).本文以水玻璃、白炭黑为硅源,用乙醇取代有机胺,在微量导向剂存在下,合成了硼硅pentasil型分子筛;并用正交实验的方法探讨了合成中诸因素对分子筛结晶度的影响.     

非碱性介质中合成ZSM-39型分子筛

自1981年Brace报导ZSM-39分子筛合成工作之后,人们在用不同有机胺模板剂合成ZSM-39分子筛方面做了很多工作.并在甲胺存在下,加晶种的方法得到了全硅ZSM-39单晶.目前合成ZSM-39的报道都是在碱性体系进行,Guth等报道了在非碱性介质中合成ZSM-5的新途径,认为全硅ZSM-5孔道内模板剂是以TPAF形式存在.本工作在非碱性介质中,F离子存在下,合成出ZSM-39分子筛,得到了全硅ZSM-39大单晶,并对其结构进行了测定.     

气相转移法与水热合成法合成ZSM-5/SAPO-5核壳结构复合分子筛的比较

以磷酸、拟薄水铝石和硅溶胶为原料,三乙胺为模板剂,在不同晶化温度和晶化时间的实验条件下,分别采用水热合成法和气相转移法合成了一系列ZSM-5/SAPO-5核壳结构复合分子筛,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线能量散射谱、红外光谱和N2吸附等手段对其进行了表征.结果表明,所合成的分子筛是以ZSM-5为核,以SAPO-5为壳的双结构复合分子筛.晶化温度的提高和晶化时间的延长有利于分子筛结晶度的提高.与水热合成法相比,采用气相转移法可以减小壳层SAPO-5的颗粒尺寸,减少脱离ZSM-5表面独立生长的SAPO-5的量,改善SAPO-5在ZSM-5表面的分布.重油裂化结果表明,核壳结构复合分子筛对生成低碳烯烃的催化性能优于机械混合的样品.     

高岭土原位无溶剂法合成小粒径ZSM-5分子筛

结合原位水热法和无溶剂法的优点,在不添加有机模板剂和溶剂的基础上,以高岭土为原料通过晶种诱导绿色高效地合成出ZSM-5分子筛。运用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜、透射电镜和NH3程序升温脱附(TPD-NH3)等技术对ZSM-5分子筛进行表征。表征结果与原位水热法合成的ZSM-5分子筛相比,原位无溶剂法合成ZSM-5分子筛的结晶度较高、晶体粒径较小、酸强度略高、孔结构相似。     

大晶粒ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其催化性能的研究

ZSM-5分子筛对许多正碳离于反应有优异的择形催化性能。近年来的研究表明,ZSM-5沸石的晶粒大小对其催化活性、选择性和稳定性有显著影响。如对甲苯歧化、甲苯与甲醇的甲基化反应,大晶粒ZSM-5分子筛对生成对二甲苯有较高的选择性。对于二甲笨液相异构化反应,小晶粒ZSM-5沸石具有较高的催化活性和选择性。我们用“直接法”合成了大晶粒(34×116μ)ZSM-5沸石分子筛,比较了不同晶粒大小ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在一些反应中的催化性能。大晶粒ZSM-5分子筛系不用有机胺,直接用水玻璃、硫酸铝、硫酸为原料合成的。用光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察所得分子筛的晶粒外形和大小,取5—6个有代表性的晶粒计算其平均尺寸。用BET重量法测定分子筛对正己烷、环己烷和水的吸附量。用X—射线衍射分析样品的物相。在160—200℃温度范围内考察了晶化温度对晶粒大小的影响,所得结果如表1。     

H(Fe)ZSM-5分子筛的合成、表征及其催化性能的研究

用水热法合成出含铁ZSM-5沸石,并对其物相、外貌、结构组成、吸附、表面酸性和催化活性等性能作了测试。ESR和XPS测定结果表明Fe~(3+)进入沸石骨架。实验结果表明,表面总酸性较弱,L酸位浓度较大的H(Fe)ZSM-5在甲醇转化反应中有利于低碳烃的齐聚和异构化,而酸性较强的HZSM-5易使低碳烯烃氢转移而生成大量的气态烃。     

N2O活化的Fe/ZSM-5表面活性氧的表征(英)

Temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) was employed to quantitatively characterize the active oxygen species generated from a high Fe-loading Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst exposed to N₂O at 250 ℃. [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ dimer was determined as the active iron complex for N₂O decomposition to produce the active oxygen. Reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ by H₂ in the dimer and removal of OH^- groups from Fe²⁺ dimer by heating Fe/ZSM-5 to 700 ℃ were the prerequisites for the formation of this active Fe complex. A linear correlation with a slope of 1.0 between the amount of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ and that of active oxygen species was observed. Maximum amount of active oxygen species can be generated by reducing Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst with H₂ at the temperatures over 500 ℃ and then heating the resulting product in Ar to 700 ℃, followed by N₂O exposure at 250 ℃. The ratio of the total number of oxygen atoms (Ode) deposited by interaction of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ with N₂O to the amount of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ was 2. However, not all the deposited oxygen atoms were active oxygen (O_a); the ratio of O_a and O_de was 0.5. The iron dimer complex composing active oxygen is a five-atom ion [Fe₂O₃]²⁺; the most probable structure is as follows:     

等级孔微孔-介孔Fe2O3/ZSM-5中空分子筛催化材料的制备及催化苄基化性能

ZSM-5分子筛具有极其均匀的孔道结构、 良好的形状选择性和催化活性及耐水热稳定性, 是一种高效、 绿色的固体催化剂, 被广泛应用于石油催化裂化、 精细化工和环境保护等领域. 但其单一的微孔结构大大降低了客体分子的流通扩散性, 导致由大分子参与的芳烃烷基化反应受到极大限制. 本文采用NaOH/四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)混合碱处理微孔ZSM-5, 制备了具备高结晶度、 高比表面积的等级孔微孔-介孔ZSM-5中空分子筛材料, 该材料在保持微孔孔道良好水热稳定性和大量活性中心的同时, 还通过介孔的引入进一步促进反应物及产物的扩散, 使间三甲苯苄基化反应的转化率提高了3.8倍. 通过在等级孔微孔-介孔ZSM-5中空材料上负载Fe, 开发出了具有双功能的等级孔微孔-介孔Fe₂O₃/ZSM-5中空催化剂, 该催化剂在苯的苄基化反应中表现出优异的催化性能, 当Fe负载量(质量分数)为6.67%, 反应温度为75 ℃, 反应时间为15 min时, 转化率高达98.3%, 选择性为81.6%, 最终收率达到80.2%.     

Synthesis of nano/micro scale ZSM-5 from kaolin and its catalytic performance

Nano/micro scale ZSM-5 zeolites were synthesized by using natural kaolin as raw material. The effect of particle size on the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 zeolite for the methanol to olefins conversion was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated the crystal size had a significant effect on the catalytic stability and the products distribution. ZSM-5 with nanosize showed better tolerance to coke formation, longer catalytic lifetime, and higher selectivity to propylene. The selectivity to propylene on nanosized ZSM-5 was on average 4.5% higher than on the submicron sample and 10% higher than on microsized ZSM-5. After the reaction was conducted for 20 h the ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized from kaolin showed longer lifetime and higher propylene selectivity than the sample synthesized with chemical materials The reason can be explained by the occurence of such elements as Fe, P, and especially Ti.     

Synthesis and Characterization of ZSM-5/β Co-Crystalline Zeolite

ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites with different content of ZSM-5 have been synthesized by adding different amount of ZSM-5 to the synthetic system of β zeolite with NaAlO2, silica sol as the source of aluminum and silica, respectively, and TEA as the template under controlled condition of the synthesis. The ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite was studied by XRD, SEM, BET and NH3-TPD. The reaction activity of toluene alkylation was investigated with a mixture of toluene-methanol as the feedstock in a pulse micro-reactor over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite. It is found that ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has two kinds of zeolite structure including ZSM-5 and β zeolite, not in the form of a physical mixture. The pore structure of ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites is different from that for β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture. In addition, the peaks of both high and low temperature desorption of ammonia over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite shift 23 ℃ to lower temperatures and the acid amount of its strong acid is 3% more than the physical mixture. So the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite produces the highest content of xylene, which is 10.4% higher than the physical mixture. And the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has better selectivity for toluene alkylation and weaker de-methylation than β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture.     

Revealing Active Sites and Reaction Pathways in Methane Non-Oxidative Coupling over Iron-Containing Zeolites

Non-oxidative coupling of methane is a promising route to obtain ethylene directly from natural gas. We synthesized siliceous [Fe]zeolites with MFI and CHA topologies and found that they display high selectivity (>90 % for MFI and >99 % for CHA) to ethylene and ethane among gas-phase products. Deactivated [Fe]zeolites can be regenerated by burning coke in air. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrates that the isolated Fe³⁺ centers in zeolite framework of fresh catalysts are reduced during the reaction to the active sites, including Fe²⁺ species and Fe (oxy)carbides dispersed in zeolite pores. Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy results show that methyl radicals are the reaction intermediates formed upon methane activation. Ethane is formed by methyl radical coupling, followed by its dehydrogenation to ethylene. Based on the observation of intermediates including allene, vinylacetylene, 1,3-butadiene, 2-butyne, and cyclopentadiene over [Fe]MFI, a reaction network is proposed leading to polyaromatic species. Such reaction intermediates are not observed over the small-pore [Fe]CHA, where ethylene and ethane are the only gas-phase products.     

H(M)ZSM-5杂原子分子筛的表面酸性和裂解催化行为

用IR和ITPD技术研究了H(Al)ZSM-5、H(Ga)ZSM-5和H(Fe)ZSM-5杂原子分子筛的表面酸性。结果表明,这些分子筛表面既存在B酸中心,也存在L酸中心,但是就两种酸的表面浓度比值C_L/C_B而言,H(Ga)ZSM-5和H(Fe)ZSM-5要比H(Al)ZSM-5高得多。在十五烷裂解时,L酸中心起的作用可能更大。     

ZSM-5沸石结晶度对乙苯叔丁基化对位选择性的影响(英文)

Highly crystalline ZSM-5 zeolites are important for para-selective alkylation of alkyl aromatics, because they carry few external acid sites for isomerization of p-dialkyl products. Such zeolites (Si/Al = 25, 50, and 75) were synthesized in a fluoride medium between pH 4 and 6. Their crystallinities, crystal sizes, and surface areas were higher than those of a commercial ZSM-5 zeolite. Their para selectivities in alkylation were tested for vapor-phase tert-butylation of ethylbenzene between 200 and 400 °C. As expected, all the catalysts showed more than 90% para selectivity. At 300 °C, ethylbenzene conversion decreased in the order ZSM-5(25, commercial) > ZSM-5(25) > ZSM-5(50) > ZSM-5(75). The catalysts had weak, medium, and strong acid sites, but all the acid sites of ZSM-5(75) were weaker than those of ZSM-5(25) and ZSM-5(50). The high activity of commercial ZSM-5 was caused by its strong acid sites being stronger than those of the synthesized zeolites. Although the activity of the commercial catalyst was higher than those of the present catalysts, the selectivity for 4-t-butylethylbenzene (4-t-BEB) was low. The optimum feed ratio (ethylbenzene:t-butyl alcohol) was 2:1 and the feed rate was 1.65 h?1 for high ethylbenzene conversion and 4-t-BEB selectivity. Time-on-stream studies showed slow catalyst deactivation. Highly crystalline ZSM-5 zeolites are therefore better than a commercial zeolite for para-selective alkylation of alkyl aromatics. They do not require much post-modification for high para selectivity. A fluoride medium is therefore better than an alkaline medium for obtaining highly crystalline para-selective ZSM-5 zeolites.     

在双胺非水体系中ZSM—5沸石的合成及特性

本研究首次提出并完成了双胺非水体系中ZSM-5沸石的合成。采用XRD、IR、~(20)Si-NMR等技术探讨了该体系的沸石合成机理,并对该类沸石特性作了表征。过程跟踪信息表明,这个过程为一个典型的固相转化过程,因而为固相机理的存在提供了可靠根据。XRD的结果表明,与水热体系相比较,双胺非水体系沸石产品的晶胞体积出现收缩趋势。在CO的加氢反应中,CO转化率为47.0%,C_2—C_4烯烃的选择性为44.6%。     

Catalytic Oxidation of Methane by Nitrous Oxide on H[Al]ZSM-5 Zeolite, Silicalite, and Amorphous SiO2 Modified by Iron, Silver, and Gadolinium Ions

Methane oxidation by an excess of N₂O on the catalytic sites formed in HZSM-5 zeolite, silicalite, and SiO₂ after modification with iron, silver, and gadolinium cations in different combinations is studied. Introduction of iron and silver ions into H[Al]ZSM-5 zeolite is shown to result in the formation of the sites that are active in methane oxidation, while the systems obtained on the basis of crystalline silicalite or amorphous SiO₂ demonstrate poor or no catalytic activity, respectively. Complete oxidation of methane with 100% conversion is observed on the Fe/HZSM-5 and Ag/HZSM-5 catalysts at temperatures higher than 350 and 450°C, respectively. A decrease in the reaction temperature and in the methane conversion is accompanied by coking of the catalysts and, in the case of Fe/HZSM-5, by the appearance of trace amounts of methanol and formic acid in the gas phase. The temperature dependence of the activity and selectivity for the Ag/HZSM-5 and (Ag + Gd)/HZSM-5 catalysts exhibits a pronounced hysteresis at 330–480°C, and the formation of coke proceeds much faster than in the case of iron-containing samples. Catalytic properties of (Fe + Ag)/HZSM-5 are similar to those of Fe/HZSM-5. The introduction of Gd does not influence significantly the activity and selectivity of the catalysts. ESR and TG–DTA were used to determine the state and distribution of Fe, Ag, and Gd in the samples and to examine the processes of coke formation.