对“离子键”的分析与处理

高级中学(甲种本)第二册教学参考书中,关于“离子键”的教学要求是:1.掌握化学键,离子键的概念和离子键的形成,并能较为熟练地用电子式表示离子化合物的形成过程。2.了解离子的结构特征和离子晶体的初步知识。“了解”即知道这些知识,但是这些知识有什么作用?不清楚。     

“化学键”学习前学生的前概念调查与转变策略探析

通过调查学生在学习“化学键”前关于本概念的各种认识,发现学生“化学键”前概念的产生原因：（1）日常生活经验影响;（2）理科学习经验影响;（3）认知图式仍然在宏观层面。在此基础上提出了进行“化学键”概念转变教学的5条策略。     

基于元认知理论的化学键概念应用问卷开发

为了测量高一学生在应用化学键概念时元认知的参与程度,设计了基于元认知理论的化学键概念应用问卷。该问卷包括共价键和离子键2个基本概念,每个基本概念包括5道封闭式题目。在每道封闭式题目之后追加2个开放式任务,用于测量学生应用化学键概念时元认知知识和元认知监控的参与程度。对已经学过化学键概念的高一学生进行测试后的调查数据分析表明,该问卷具有较高的内部一致性,并具有较好的信度和效度指标。因此,该问卷可作为一种测量学生应用化学键概念时元认知参与程度的工具,并具有较强的应用价值。     

“化学键”单元教学设计的认识过程与思考

化学键是高中化学教学中一个比较抽象难理解的概念。在多次“化学键”教学的实践中,反思每次教学过程中出现的与教学设计预期不相符的教学情景,分析问题的症结所在,认识到单元整体教学设计的重要意义,并对“化学键”单元教学设计有了新的认识和想法。     

高中生对化学核心概念掌握情况的测查分析——以“电解质、离子反应、化学键”概念群为例

电解质、离子反应、化学键组成一个核心概念群,是学生掌握相关知识的重难点。对北京市普通高中370名高二学生的测查显示:(1)概念掌握的程度为:化学键<离子反应<电解质。(2)“电解质的概念”与“导电原理”“离子反应概念”“离子共存”的掌握程度存在显著相关;电离与离子反应概念的掌握程度显著相关;“导电原理”与“离子反应概念”“离子共存”“离子键与共价键综合辨析”的掌握程度显著相关。表明电解质的概念、导电原理的理解与掌握是概念体系中的重要纽带。(3)优秀、中等、学困3类学生在解决容易和较难2类概念的相关问题上差异最大,而中等难度上的差异相对较小。基于此,提出了相应的核心概念教学对策。     

基于“宏观-微观-符号”有机融合的离子键教学

离子键是一个比较抽象的概念,无法用直观的观察和实验获得具体的认识。教学中,运用宏观和微观相结合的方法,引导学生从宏观层面感受离子键的真实存在,从微观层面认识离子键的形成和本质,用化学符号表征离子键的形成过程,建立宏观和微观之间的辩证关系,丰富和发展学生对离子键的理性认识。     

氩元素概念的形成和发展与化学思想的演进

19世纪末英国化学家瑞利和拉姆塞发现了氩元素,开启了发现稀有气体元素的历程,开辟了发现元素周期表中的零族元素之门。20世纪20年代氩元素同位素的发现使人们形成了对氩元素的概念的现代认知,同时英国化学家莫斯莱提出原子序数概念,揭示了元素在周期表中位置排列的实质,同氩同位素的发现相结合,解决了氩在周期表中的位置排列问题。20世纪上半叶原子结构和化学键理论的提出阻碍了氩化合物的发现。21世纪初,氟氩化氢的发现使人们对氩的“惰性”有了全新的认识,改称氩为稀有气体元素,并对化学键理论的发展起到促进作用。总之,氩元素概念的形成和发展对于元素周期律的完善和发展以及人们对原子结构和化学键理论的认识都起到了极为重要的桥梁作用。     

分子轨道法研究硅酸盐分子结构

Pauling提出的硅酸盐结构规则,原则上只适用于纯粹离子键化合物。硅酸盐中硅酸根与金属原子之间的化学键是离子键,但是硅氧键却没有证据说明它是离子键。 Stewart等从X射线衍射实验和轨道电负性理论论证,α-石英中Si—O键仅有25％的离子性。还有人认为Si—O键的离子性为31～37.5％。我们用CNDO/2法计算得     

Rasch模型在“化学键”概念教学评价中的应用研究

运用Rasch模型探查高二学生对"化学键"概念的认知情况，运用Conquest软件和Winsteps软件对测试结果进行分析。结果表明：基于Rasch模型编制的测试卷能客观有效地检测学生对"化学键"概念的理解，为一线教师的有效教学提供学情基础。     

从静电作用探讨化学键的本质及其教学实践

当前中学的化学键教学中，过分强调Lewis“八隅体结构”，忽视静电作用力，导致学生不能认识到化学键的本质，且传统教学方法中，元素的二分法导致化学键的二分法，不利于学生思维的发展。借鉴国外相关研究，在考虑学生认知水平的基础上，尝试从强调化学键静电作用的本质和引入电负性的角度设计教学内容，帮助学生构建正确的化学键本质观。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.