发展学生化学学科核心素养离不开化学实验

化学实验是化学教学的重要组成部分,不仅具有教育教学功能,而且具有发展学生化学学科核心素养的功能。从认识层面、实践层面和价值追求层面来看,化学实验在发展学生科学本质观、科学实践观和科学价值观方面均发挥着不可替代的功能。教师可以利用化学实验史实呈现真实的科学发现过程,发展学生的科学本质观;可以通过引导学生对化学实验现象的观察和基于实验事实证据的推理发展学生“宏观辨识与微观探析”“证据推理和模型认知”素养;可以通过开展化学实验探究,引导学生拓宽认识视角和认识思路,发展学生“科学探究与创新意识”素养;可以通过化学实验评价发展学生的“科学态度和社会责任”素养。     

高中生化学人文素养现状的调查与思考

基于已有研究和实践调查,提出化学人文素养的三维模型,即“知”“信”“行”。“知”包括人文知识与价值传承,“信”包括创新意识与探究精神,“行”包括健康生活与社会责任。以此模型设计研究工具,对北京市普通高中的272名学生的问卷调查及68名学生的访谈显示,学生自认为人文素养略高于“一般”水平,只有33.3%的学生获得了一定的人文知识和价值传承(知),以及具有健康生活和社会责任意识(行),仅20.0%的学生获得了一定的创新意识和探究精神(信)。基于此,从化学史、化学实验、化学与生活3个切入点提出人文素养提升的建议。     

剖析师生对绿色化学的认知偏差

在绿色化学思想逐渐普及的同时,发现许多学生和教师对“绿色化学“和“绿色化学实验”的认知存在偏差。学生错误地认为“绿色化学”就是任何时候都禁止排放任何废物的化学;教师错误地认为：实施绿色化学实验教学时,不能向教室或实验室泄漏一丁点废气,致使学生的嗅觉等感官体验被剥夺,造成他们对事物的感知不完整。     

试论化学核心素养的结构

化学核心素养包含了“化学”的素养、“核心”的素养、“人”的素养三重意蕴。基于对化学核心素养的概念分析和层次分析,提出其四维度结构模型。在4个维度中,“化学基本观念”是基础维度,“化学过程”和“化学在生活中的应用”是2个活化维度,“对化学的态度”是动力维度。化学核心素养为学术性化学素养和生活性化学素养的发展同时奠定了基础。把握3种化学素养在结构和具体维度上的差异有助于理解化学核心素养的内涵,也有助于把握中学化学课程中不同模块的教学定位。     

游戏教学在国内化学教学中的应用述评

游戏教学可以激发学生的学习兴趣,创设轻松、愉快的学习情境,提高学生的学习能力。国内主要通过运用“趣味实验”、“自制教具”、“情景活动”和“电脑游戏”进行化学游戏教学。介绍了游戏教学在国内化学教学的应用现状,同时对未来的研究进行展望,以期对化学游戏教学的研究起抛砖引玉的作用。     

做科学——《义务教育化学课程标准(2011年版)》基本理念的一点解读

引导学生从“听化学”向“做化学”转变,从“记化学”向“探究化学”转变。学生只有通过“做化学”“探究化学”,在“做科学”的探究实践中培养创新精神和实践能力,科学素养才有可能得到主动地发展。     

基于GR编码的学生论证活动过程分析——以“化学教学论实验”教学为例

论证教学是当前国际科学教育教学的热点领域。论文采用准实验设计,使用混合研究方法,在“化学教学论实验”课程中对学生进行了为期一学期的教学实践过程。实验组开展论证式教学的实践活动,并采用GR编码方式细致地分析学生科学论证活动的过程。研究结果表明,论证教学可以显著提高化学师范生的科学论证能力,并提高化学实验课程的学习兴趣。     

一流课程建设——基础化学实验

从教学团队、课程内容、教学模式、教学条件及考核模式等方面的改革介绍了基础化学实验一流课程建设,即以开展实验教学培训、鼓励交流合作、打破编制壁垒建设实验教学团队;以科研反哺教学、开展实验竞赛、注重教材建设改革课程内容;以“讲一练二考三”“简易混合式”“思想实验”等创新教学模式培养学生创新能力;以更新仪器设备及运用信息技术改进教学条件;并通过评教机制及魅力化学实验课堂机制改革基础实验考核模式。     

促进知识意义生成的化学教学实践与思考

在论述化学知识具有“认识发展”“情感陶冶”和“精神润泽”等意义的基础上,指出了化学教学中知识意义生成的2种方式：通过知识与实践之间“交往”与“对话”,引发知识意义的生成;通过教学内容与学生认知结构相联系,促进知识意义的生成。阐述了促进知识意义生成的3种主要教学策略：在问题情境中强化知识结构的形成,实现学生认知与知识意义的有效关联;用生活逻辑来统整知识逻辑,丰富化学知识的意义;创设真实的情境,实现化学知识意义的增值。     

化学实验创新设计的技术伦理困境与突破*

目前化学实验设计存在“技术性异化”“生态位壁垒”“绿色化缺失”“人本性式微”的问题。技术伦理规范下的化学实验创新设计,从实验主体的价值向度、基本属性和实践逻辑等3个方面讨论化学实验设计的规范。提出在技术伦理视角下丰富化学实验创新设计角度,形成实验设计的伦理向度;完善化学实验设计各要素,建立实验设计的伦理秩序;开展绿色化实验设计,确保实验设计的伦理互动;规范化学实验设计系统,突出化学实验设计的“为人向度”。将技术承载的价值,通过技术主体的伦理行为转化到化学实验设计过程中,规范化学实验创新设计的路径。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.