乌头碱水解产物的研究

乌头碱为C_(19)二萜类双酯型生物碱,是乌头类中药的主要毒性成分和活性成分,乌头碱具有很强的抗炎和镇痛活性~([1]),在临床上被用于抗肿瘤药物,由于其治疗剂量与中毒剂量接近,必须经炮制后使用.乌头碱水解产物已有报道,但主要集中在苯甲酰乌头原碱和乌头原碱上,焦乌头碱很少提及,本研究利用硅胶柱色谱法对乌头碱的水解产物进行了分离和纯化,利用质谱和核磁共振谱确定了3种主要产物的结构,为研究乌头碱类生物碱的水解产物提供了新的数据.     

鬼臼毒素固体脂质纳米粒的抗肿瘤活性及药代动力学研究

评价鬼臼毒素（PPT）被固体脂质纳米粒（SLN）包裹前、后的抗肿瘤效果以及在动物体内的药代动力学特点.建立昆明小鼠S180肉瘤模型,将PPT-SLN、PPT分别以5mg/kg的等效剂量对小鼠每天腹腔注射,连续3周,每天量取肿瘤体积,并观察小鼠状态、体重的变化.末次给药24h后处死小鼠,剥取瘤块称重,计算抑瘤率.将PPT-SLN、PPT以10mg/kg的等效剂量对小鼠腹腔注射,于不同时间点采血,以HPLC分析血液中PPT的含量,绘制血药浓度-时间曲线,并计算药代动力学参数.研究发现,肿瘤小鼠在连续腹腔注射PPT-SLN后,肿瘤体积与重量比对照组、PPT组明显降低,抑瘤率达58.13%,抑瘤效果显著,且小鼠体重增加量比PPT组多.药代动力学结果显示,在被纳米载体包裹后,PPT在血药中的浓度得到了提升,释放时间有所延长,生物利用度也有较大提高.结果表明SLN包裹PPT能够有效地提高其血药浓度,起到缓释效果,提高其抗肿瘤活性,并降低毒性,具有较好的应用前景.     

16-O-去甲基去氧乌头碱在肠内细菌中的生物转化研究

采用人肠内细菌和乌头碱体外温孵的方法,探讨乌头碱的代谢产物16-O-去甲基去氧乌头碱在人肠内的生物转化。利用离子阱电喷雾串联质谱(ESIMS/MSn)方法直接分析16-O-去甲基去氧乌头碱的代谢产物。乌头类生物碱在ESI正离子模式条件下形成质子化分子[M H] 。16-O-去甲基去氧乌头碱可被人肠内细菌转化,通过脱乙酰基、脱苯甲酰基、脱甲基、脱羟基以及酯化反应产生新型的单酯型、双酯型和脂类生物碱等10余种代谢产物。双酯型生物碱具有较高的毒性,相对应的单酯型和脂类生物碱毒性较低。16-O-去甲基去氧乌头碱被肠内细菌转化为单酯型和脂类生物碱会使其毒性降低。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法比较黑顺片单煎液及其复方煎煮液中次乌头碱在大鼠体内的吸收

为了研究有毒中药中主要成分的体内吸收,以黑顺片单煎液及其复方煎煮液“术附汤”和“甘草附子汤”灌胃大鼠血浆中的次乌头碱为检测指标,建立了血浆中次乌头碱的超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC/Q-TOF MS)检测方法,并采用内标法对其进行了含量测定,绘制了血药浓度-时间曲线,计算了药动学参数。方法学考察结果表明血中次乌头碱在0.02～10 ng/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系;样品测定结果表明,“术附汤”中的某种或某些成分抑制了次乌头碱的体内吸收,而“甘草附子汤”中的某种或某些成分促进了次乌头碱的体内吸收,两复方功效差异可能来源于次乌头碱在体内吸收程度的不同。由3种煎煮液中次乌头碱的消除半衰期(T1/2)及血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)值推测次乌头碱在大鼠体内的转运过程为非线性动力学过程。     

基于UPLC/Q-TOF-MS分析附子半夏配伍相反的物质基础

利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)分析附子半夏药对配伍相反的物质基础,从化学成分层次阐释其配伍相反机制.基于UPLC/Q-TOF-MS建立附子半夏药对配伍后生物碱类成分的化学指纹图谱,通过主成分分析法和正交偏最小二乘判别法分析药对配伍在合煎过程中的生物碱类成分的含量变化,找出差异变化显著的化学成分.结果表明正离子模式时附子半夏药对合煎液中次乌头碱,中乌头碱,乌头碱,去氧乌头碱,10-OH-中乌头碱,10-OH-乌头碱等的含量明显增高,而中乌头原碱,去乙酸中乌头原碱,去乙酸次乌头原碱,苯甲酰乌头原碱,苯甲酰次乌头原碱,10-OH-苯甲酰中乌头原碱等含量降低.附子半夏药对配伍应用时双酯型二萜生物碱的含量明显增高,而单酯型二萜生物碱的含量明显降低,这可能是附子半夏药对配伍相反作用的物质基础.     

乌头碱的LC-MS定量分析

乌头生物碱各成分毒性差异很大,其中乌头碱的毒性为其它成分的100-2000倍,是引起中毒和死亡的主要原因。乌头生物碱种类多,在煎煮或泡制过程中易水解产生不同水解产物,进入体内后代谢情况又不明,因此采用液相色谱方法对体内检材乌头碱成分仅靠保留时间确定依据不足,定量工作更是无法开展。但在现实生活中炮制后的乌头植物可入药,且炮制过的乌头植物也可检出少量原碱。遇到体内检材中检验出乌头生物碱成分时,办案单位往往希望有一个量的甄别。经查阅资料,未见体内检材(如血、肝、尿等)中乌头碱含量的报道。我们应用LC-MS,采用646.4单离子扫描方式对实际案例血中乌头碱含量进行了测定,为今后的进一步研究和同行提供数据积累。     

乌头类双酯型生物碱对嗜热四膜虫生长的毒性效应微量热学研究

建立灵敏表征乌头类双酯型生物碱(DDA)对嗜热四膜虫生长代谢影响的评价方法.采用微量热法,在不同给药条件下,以表达功率-时间曲线(热谱曲线)的特征参数生长速率常数(k)、半数抑制浓度(IC50)、最大输出功率(Pmax)及达峰时间(tp)和总产热量(Qt)为指标,对嗜热四膜虫生长代谢程度进行客观地量化评价.结果表明,随着3种DDA浓度的增加,达峰时间tp延长,生长速率常数k、最大输出功率Pmax等随之降低,且生长速率常数k与相应的浓度间呈现良好的线性关系:r乌头碱=0.9910(IC50=207.7μg·mL-1);r新乌头碱=0.9923(IC50=412.5μg·mL-1);r次乌头碱=0.9977(IC50=1497μg·mL-1).同时由半抑制浓度IC50得到3种DDA毒性的大小顺序:乌头碱新乌头碱次乌头碱.初步构效关系研究表明,在化合物C(3)上引入羟基(OH)以及N原子上引入乙基(CH2CH3)均可明显增加双酯型生物碱对嗜热四膜虫的毒性作用.     

液-质联用研究槐定碱、槐果碱和苦参碱在兔体内的药代动力学

建立了一种液-质联用测定家兔血浆中槐定碱、槐果碱和苦参碱浓度的方法,并用于生物碱的药代动力学研究。分析方法的线性范围为槐定碱13.2~995.0μg/L,槐果碱7.0~530.0μg/L和苦参碱8.8~655.0μg/L,回收率为90.2%~99.8%。药代动力学参数计算结果表明,槐定碱和槐果碱符合二室模型,而苦参碱则符合三室模型。比较苦黄注射液和混合标准品注射后的药代动力学参数,表明苦黄注射液中的其他成分对槐果碱有促进其消除的作用,对槐定碱的消除可能有促进作用,而对苦参碱则没有影响。     

乌头与贝母配伍化学成分变化的UPLC/Q-TOFMS研究

利用UPLC/Q-TOFMS对中药十八反药对——乌头贝母配伍的合煎液与合并液进行检测,经过MassLynx 4.1分析其化学成分存在差异,发现合煎后次乌头碱水解受到部分抑制,而其他主要的双酯型二萜生物碱溶出较少且水解较彻底,乌头与川贝配伍合煎的毒性相对较小,因而可能通过合理炮制减毒后应用于临床治疗.     

超高效液相色谱串联四极杆质谱联用分析动物血样中乌头类生物碱

乌头属(aconitium)中药具有镇痛、抗炎等疗效,其有效成分为双酯二萜生物碱,品种有乌头碱(aconitine,AC)、次乌头碱(hypaconitine,HA)和新乌头碱(mesaconitine,MA)等.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.