大学化学本科教学中综合化学实验的设计——锂离子电池制作

将CR2032型锂离子电池的制作及电化学性能测试实验设计为大学化学本科生的综合实验并将其应用于本科教学中，建立起基于锂离子电池用正极材料的合成、表征、电极制备及电池组装和性能测试的综合性开放实验。实验以无机材料制备为实验基础，以电化学原理为理论基础，通过文献查阅、确立合成路线、材料制备及表征、锂离子电池制作与测试等多项综合实验内容，使学生了解目前常见的正极材料种类、合成方法、电池的基本结构以及电池性能的测试方法。在教学过程中以学生主动探索为主体，培养学生的科学探究素养，锻炼学生查阅文献、自主设计实验和合作开发的能力。     

层状Li(Ni1-xCox)O2结构研究

0引言层状钴酸锂是目前锂离子电池主要正极材料,但是,随着锂离子电池的广泛使用,急需比钴酸锂价格低和来源广泛的正极材料,层状锰酸锂和层状镍酸锂受到重视。由于锰氧化物存在有J-T效应,因此,严格意义上的层状锰酸锂的制备极其困难。制备层状镍酸锂也非常困难,高温反应极易生成Li1-xNi1 xO2,具有此种结构的镍酸锂存在严重首次能量衰减和循环性能下降的缺点。采用其他元素掺杂镍酸锂克服其缺点的研究已经很多,其中钴掺杂镍酸锂由于显示了良好的效果而被认为是最有希望替代钴酸锂的锂离子电池正极材料。有关层状镍钴酸锂的研究很多,但不少的…     

钴酸锂正极材料与锂离子电池的发展 ——2019年诺贝尔化学奖解读

2019年诺贝尔化学奖授予了John B. Goodenough、M. Stanley Whittingham和Akira Yoshino三位对锂离子电池的发展做出了重要贡献的科学家. 钴酸锂等正极材料的发现助推了锂离子电池商业化的进程,对电池的性能起着决定性的作用. 本文回顾了John B. Goodenough教授发现钴酸锂的历史,对钴酸锂的进一步发展及应用进行了梳理,同时对他发现另两种正极材料锰酸锂和磷酸铁锂进行了阐述.     

锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池（英文）

可充电氢气电池作为一种新兴的电池体系在大规模能源储存领域显示出富有前景的电化学性能.锂嵌入型化合物作为一大类的锂离子电池正极材料能够很好地用作可充电氢气电池的正极.本文开发了2种新型锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池.通过使用钴酸锂与磷酸铁锂2种正极材料分别与氢气负极在硫酸锂水系电解液中进行匹配,得到了钴酸锂-氢气电池与磷酸铁锂-氢气电池.钴酸锂-氢气电池展现出约1.27 V的放电电位,约97 mA·h·g~(-1)的比容量及10C的高倍率;磷酸铁锂-氢气电池展现出约0.66 V的放电电位,约125 mA·h·g~(-1)的比容量以及10C的高倍率.虽然,钴酸锂-氢气电池和磷酸铁锂-氢气电池因为使用了未经优化的、不稳定的锂嵌入型化合物正极材料而导致全电池容量衰减,但这2种电池经过氢气负极的再循环利用均表现出优异的恢复能力.本文结果证明了氢气电池的化学稳定性及其在未来长寿命电池中具有的大规模能源储存潜力.     

锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池

可充电氢气电池作为一种新兴的电池体系在大规模能源储存领域显示出富有前景的电化学性能. 锂嵌入型化合物作为一大类的锂离子电池正极材料能够很好地用作可充电氢气电池的正极. 本文开发了 2种新型锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池. 通过使用钴酸锂与磷酸铁锂2种正极材料分别与氢气负极在硫酸锂 水系电解液中进行匹配, 得到了钴酸锂-氢气电池与磷酸铁锂-氢气电池. 钴酸锂-氢气电池展现出约1.27 V 的放电电位, 约97 mA·h·g^-1的比容量及10C的高倍率; 磷酸铁锂-氢气电池展现出约0.66 V的放电电位, 约125 mA·h·g^-1的比容量以及10C的高倍率. 虽然, 钴酸锂-氢气电池和磷酸铁锂-氢气电池因为使用了未经优化的、 不稳定的锂嵌入型化合物正极材料而导致全电池容量衰减, 但这2种电池经过氢气负极的再循环利用均表现出优异的恢复能力. 本文结果证明了氢气电池的化学稳定性及其在未来长寿命电池中具有的大规模能源储存潜力.     

生物质废弃物碳作为锂离子电池负极材料研究的综合性实验设计

为了拓展能源化工和材料专业高年级本科生的知识领域,设计了综合性实验--生物质废弃物碳作为锂离子电池负极材料研究。实验内容包括生物质废弃物碳的制备、结构表征、电极的制备、模拟电池组装及电化学性能测试等。通过实验操作、电化学工作站和充放电测试仪的使用及数据处理等环节,不仅可以巩固学生所学知识,还能培养他们的创新思维能力和团队意识,进一步提高综合素养水平。     

废旧锂离子电池正极材料资源化回收与再生

随着电子设备的普及和电动汽车行业的迅速崛起,作为提供能量来源的锂离子电池发挥着重要的作用。以钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂以及三元正极材料为代表的锂离子电池产销量不断增加;与此同时,为了提供更长的续航时间以及续航稳定性,新型锂离子电池材料的研究工作也在不断推进。在此背景下,锂离子电池正极材料的失效、废弃以及资源化回收再生的过程就显得愈发重要,如何在下游解决报废锂离子电池处理的问题也逐渐提上日程。基于此,本文分别从湿法和火法再生两个角度对废旧锂离子电池正极材料的回收和再生过程进行了介绍,包括回收条件优化的方法、较为新颖的回收再生方法以及再生材料的性能等,并总结了回收再生过程的杂质元素,包括铝、铜等元素对再生材料结构和性能的影响以及工业上常用的回收废旧锂离子电池的方法和环境影响。最后对锂离子电池回收的方法进行总结并进行展望。     

三维虚拟仿真技术在锂离子电池实验教学中的应用

把三维虚拟仿真技术引入到锂离子电池实验教学中,制作了锂离子扣式电池制作与性能测试虚拟仿真实验,介绍了仿真实验的设计过程。该仿真实验使用3Ds Max软件构建仪器和工作原理的模型及动画,用Unity3D软件构建一个高度仿真的虚拟实验室场景并模拟了实验操作的整个流程,使操作者可以轻松完成锂离子扣式电池制作与性能测试虚拟仿真实验过程。三维虚拟仿真技术在锂离子电池实验教学中的应用,可以弥补锂离子电池传统实验教学的不足,提高学生学习兴趣,丰富课堂实验教学手段,有效提高教学质量和教学效果。     

锂离子电池高容量合金基含锂负极材料的研究进展

现有的以石墨为负极的锂离子电池能量密度逐渐接近其理论极限. 基于合金化反应机制的高容量含锂负极材料Li_xM_y(M为能够和锂发生合金化反应的元素)是一类新兴的负极材料, 具有数倍于石墨的储锂比容量, 且可以为电池提供活性锂源. 这些特性使其能够与高容量无锂正极材料(如S, O₂, FeF₃和V₂O₅等)相匹配, 构建下一代高比能锂离子电池新体系. 本文综述了近年来高容量合金基含锂负极材料(如Li_xSi, Li_xSn, Li₃P和Li_xAl基系列材料)的研究进展, 分析了所面临的挑战, 概述了材料的合成与电极的制备方法, 并介绍了它们在常规锂离子电池、 锂离子-硫电池及锂离子-空气电池等多个全电池体系中的应用实例, 提出并举证了其电化学性能优化与调控的策略, 最后展望了未来的研究方向.     

基于非锂金属负极的锂离子全电池

可充电锂离子电池对于电子产品特别是手持设备的发展至关重要,其关键作用同样体现在飞速发展的电动汽车领域。此外,对电力系统的调配(削峰填谷)和新能源发电的并网也是很好的选择。但是传统锂离子电池较低的能量密度常被人诟病。传统石墨负极材料的替代物(如金属氧化物、钛基、锡基、硅基、合金等材料)能有效提高锂离子电池的容量和倍率性能,但目前缺乏充分的全电池实验数据予以证实,也鲜有新型负极材料成功用于商业化的锂离子全电池。由此可见,新型负极材料在锂离子全电池中的研究现状及其商业化应用前景等问题亟需面对和斟酌,也应受到锂离子电池研究者的广泛关注。因此,本文从负极材料首圈容量可逆/不可逆的特点着手,对基于非锂金属负极(如石墨、钛酸锂、二氧化钛、氧化锗、氧化铁、锡基、硅基等)的锂离子全电池的最新研究进行了论述。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.