溶剂气浮法分离水中的Zn离子的研究

以双硫腙为配体，溴化十六烷基三甲基铵（CTAB）为表面活性剂。对Zn离子在无机相中形成的Zn-双硫腙-CTAB体系的溶剂气浮进行了研究。研究表明表面活性剂与Zn离子的物质的量之比为5：1，约1h水中的锌离子去除率可达98％。0．5mol／L NaCl大大提高体系的溶剂气浮的去除率，溶剂气浮的速率随着气流速率的增加而增加，共存溶质乙醇存在会使去除率降低，有机溶剂的量对溶剂气浮影响较小，溶剂气浮过程遵从假一级动力学。考察了不同温度下溶剂气浮的回收速率，计算了该过程中的气浮表观活化能为9．037kJ／mol。     

溶剂气浮法去除水中腐殖酸的动力学和热力学初步研究

研究了溶剂气浮法去除水中的腐殖酸,该技术可以作为生物处理后的填埋渗出液的后处理方法。腐殖酸通过与表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵生成离子缔合物气浮进入有机溶剂异戊醇而从水中去除。大于计量比的表面活性剂的量在10 m in之内可达92%的去除率。气浮速率在一定程序上随着气流速率的增加而增加,基本上与有机溶剂的体积无关。同时,还考察了电解质、乙醇及溶液的pH值对水中腐殖酸的溶剂气浮过程的影响。研究表明,该溶剂气浮过程遵从一级动力学。气浮过程的表观活化能作为一个特征参数被提出来,其值为2.87 kJ/mol。     

藏红T褪色分光光度法测定微量肝素

在pH 5.02的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,肝素与碱性吩嗪染料藏红T形成离子缔合物,染料发生明显的褪色,体系吸光度的降低与肝素钠质量浓度成正比,0~2μg/mL范围内符合比耳定律,比吸光系数为0.36×103L.g-1.cm-1。研究了表面活性剂和共存物质的影响,表明方法选择性好。用于肝素钠注射液效价的测定。     

硫堇褪色光度法测定微量肝素

在pH 4.10的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,肝素与碱性吩噻嗪染料硫堇形成离子缔合物时,染料发生明显的褪色。体系吸光度的降低与肝素钠浓度成正比,肝素的质量浓度在0~60μg/25 mL范围内符合比耳定律,摩尔吸光系数为3.58×106L.mol-1.cm-1。研究了表面活性剂和共存物质的影响,表明方法选择性好。用于肝素钠注射液效价的测定,相对标准偏差小于3%,回收率为96.5%~101.9%。     

十六烷基氯化吡啶溶剂气浮的热力学及动力学研究

研究了表面活性剂十六烷基氯化吡啶(HPC)的溶剂气浮回收动力学及热力学规律。通过测定不同温度及浓度下HPC的表面张力, 得到了HPC在气-液界面的标准吸附表面自由能为-33.17 kJ/mol。HPC的溶剂气浮过程符合一级动力学方程,表观速率常数k的值随气体流速升高而增加,随温度升高而降低。     

电解质和阳离子表面活性剂对MMH/粘土体系胶体性能的影响

通过流变参数、电泳淌度和pH值的测定,研究了NaCl、MgCl₂、Na₂SO₄等电解质和阳离子表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)对铝镁混合金属氢氧化物(MMH)/钠土(Mt)悬浮体胶体性能的影响.发现所研究的电解质和表面活性剂都能使MMH/Mt悬浮体的Bingham屈服值降低,但不同处理剂影响pH值和滤失量的变化趋势却不同.认为电解质中的阳离子以影响粘土颗粒间的缔合为主,而阴离子以影响MMH的荷电性能为主,前者使滤失量上升,pH值下降;后者使滤失量下降,pH值上升.电解质对MMH/Mt悬浮体滤失量和pH值的影响取决于二者相对能力的大小.阳离子表面活性剂由于在粘土上吸附后不仅影响颗粒之问的缔合,也能使其润湿性反转,导致MMH/Mt悬浮体的滤失量和Bingham屈服值的变化幅度明显高于无机电解质.     

超临界流体中CO和H2吸附过程的Monte Carlo模拟

利用Monte Carlo (MC) 方法,研究了一氧化碳和氢气在不同密度正己烷中的等温吸附情况.模型考虑了正己烷密度对一氧化碳和氢气在催化剂表面吸附量与吸附速率的影响.结果表明,主要有三个因素会影响溶质的吸附量:当溶剂密度低于其临界密度时,体系压力是影响溶质吸附量的主要因素；当体系处于超临界区时,超临界溶剂的溶解能力以及溶质和溶剂之间的竞争吸附是影响溶质吸附量的主要因素.在一定范围内增加溶剂的密度（压力）可以提高溶质在催化剂表面的吸附速率.     

煤的缔合结构研究 Ⅰ 溶液缔合动力学

研究了煤可溶组分——吡啶不溶物（PI）在溶液中的缔合动力学，该PI系二硫化碳/N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮（CS2/NMP）混合溶剂可溶组分。结果表明PI在NMP溶液中的缔合属于反应控制机理，并提出了二步动力学反应过程，即基本缔合单元的生成和缔合单元之间的缔合。通过实验获得了有关缔合的动力学参数，PI在NMP溶液中二步缔合的活化能分别为73.3 kJ/mol和21.6 kJ/mol。温度对缔合速率的影响显著，随着温度的升高，缔合速率增加。由于PI分子在CS2/NMP混合溶剂中相对NMP具有较高的扩散性，因而其在CS2/NMP混合溶剂中缔合速率较NMP快。此外，还讨论了PI在溶液中的缔合机理。     

碱性三苯甲烷染料褪色分光光度法测定肝素

研究了肝素对某些碱性三苯甲烷染料发生缔合反应的条件、分光光度特征和分析化学性质。结果表明 :在近中性的Britton Robinson缓冲溶液中 ,肝素钠与这些碱性三苯甲烷染料形成离子缔合物时 ,染料发生明显的褪色。体系吸光度的降低与肝素钠浓度成正比。肝素钠浓度在 0～ 2 .4mg/L(乙基紫、结晶紫体系 )、0～2 .8mg/L(甲基紫体系 )、0～ 4 .0mg/L(甲基绿、孔雀石绿、亮绿体系 )范围内符合比耳定律 ;摩尔吸光系数根据染料的不同在 3.99× 10 5～ 3.93× 10 6L·mol-1·cm-1之间 ,其中以乙基紫体系最为灵敏。以乙基紫体系为例研究了表面活性剂和共存物质的影响 ,表明方法选择性好。用于肝素钠注射液效价的测定 ,结果满意     

三聚氰胺的共振散射光谱分析

在pH 3.8的醋酸盐缓冲溶液中,三聚氰胺（MA）可与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯基磺酸钠（SDBS）形成稳定的缔合物微粒.该缔合物微粒体系在472 nm处存在较强的共振散射峰.三聚氰胺浓度在1.0-23.3 mg/L范围内与472 nm处共振散射光强度成线性,检出限为32μg/L MA.研究了共存物质对SDBS共振散射测定三聚氰胺的影响,方法的选择性比较好,应用于合成废水测定,结果满意.     

The removal of humic acids from water by solvent sublation

The application of solvent sublation in the removal of humic acids was investigated in the present study. The humic acids (HA) were removed from an aqueous solution by solvent sublation of humic acid-hexadecylpyridium chloride (HPC) complex (sublate) into isopentanol. Several parameters were examined towards the optimization of humic acid removal; the dosage of a surfactant was found to be the major one, controlling the overall efficiency of the progress. The removal rate was somewhat enhanced by higher airflow rate and almost independent of the volume of the organic solvent floating on the top of the aqueous column. The effects of electrolytes (e.g., NaCl), nonhydrophobic organics (e.g., ethanol), and pH of the solution upon the process were studied. Under the optimized condition, the treatment performance was found to be very efficient, reaching almost 100%, indicating that solvent sublation can serve as a possible alternative technology for the removal of humic acids. The solvent sublation process follows first-order kinetics. A characteristic parameter, apparent activation energy of attachment of the sublate to bubbles, was estimated at a value of 9.48 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the simulation of a mathematical model with the experiments on the solvent sublation of humic acid-HPC was described here.     

溶剂浮选分离富集麻黄草中有效成分

采用溶剂浮选法分离富集麻黄草中的有效成分。考察了浮选溶剂、氮气流速、试液pH、浮选时间及电解质NaCl等因素对浮选效率的影响,优选出最佳浮选条件;对最佳条件下的浮选结果进行了评价,并与溶剂萃取法进行了对照;对麻黄草有效成分的浮选过程进行了初步探讨,浮选过程符合一级动力学方程。     

溶剂浮选-紫外分光光度法测定厚朴中总厚朴酚

建立了一种测定厚朴中总厚朴酚的新方法,即采用溶剂浮选法分离富集厚朴中的总厚朴酚,用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。考察了浮选溶剂、试液pH、氮气流速、浮选时间及电解质NaCl等因素对浮选效果的影响,优选出最佳浮选条件。采用所述方法对不同产地厚朴样品中总厚朴酚含量进行测定,样品加标回收率为94.9%-100.8%,RSD为2.8-4.1%。     

A mathematical model and mechanism of sublation of dye-surfactant ion complexes

A study of dye-surfactant ion complexes, bromophenol blue (BB), an anionic dye, with hexadecyl pyridium chloride (HPC) complex, and methane violet (MV), a cationic dye, with sodium docedylbenzensulfonate complex (DBS), was carried out. On the base of the complete transport mechanisms, the Langmuir adsorption and the ion complex equilibrium in aqueous phase, a mathematic model for the ion complex system is obtained with the aid of the 4th Runge-Kuta method and the Mathematic 4.0 and Matlab programs. The effects of many parameters are investigated. A substantial difference is posed between the solvent sublation and solvent extraction. Furthermore, the simulation shows that the model is substantiated with experiments on the solvent sublation of the two kinds of complexes. The results are very different from the models proposed by Wilson et al., which predict very different experimental results.     

The kinetics and thermodynamics of surfactants in solvent sublation

Solvent sublation has been performed on very dilute solutions of one cationic surfactant, hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HPC), and one anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (LBS). Some thermodynamic values were obtained, e.g. molecular areas, A0, which are 50.0 and 47.7 A2/molecule, respectively, for HPC and LBS, and free adsorption energies, delta G(o)ads, which are -33.17 and -43.58 kJ mol(-1), respectively, for HPC and LBS. The kinetics were determined for a range of temperatures and gas flow-rates. Although the processes of solvent sublation of the two surfactants obey first-order kinetics, the respective adsorption mechanisms of HPC and LBS in the solvent sublation process were different. The pH and the presence of KCl and ethanol had no effect on the solvent sublation of LBS. The apparent active energy was calculated as 8.11 kJ mol(-1).     

精氨酸的溶剂浮选分离技术及其分离机制

以表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸为捕收剂(DBSA),二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(P204)为萃取剂,正庚烷为有机溶剂,采用溶剂浮选法对水溶液中精氨酸进行分离富集,并与气浮络合萃取法、泡沫浮选法和溶剂萃取法进行了比较.结果表明,在常温下,0.09 g/L精氨酸水溶液250 mL、初始pH 7.0,DBSA浓度0.15 g/L,正庚烷体积10 mL, P204体积4.5 mL,气体流量200 mL/min,溶剂浮选法分离水溶液中精氨酸的富集比为16.2,回收率为97.2%.溶剂浮选法分离精氨酸的动力学实验结果表明,精氨酸的溶剂浮选过程阶段性明显,大致可分为3个阶段,第一阶段和第二阶段都符合一级动力学方程,第三阶段符合零级动力学方程,探索了溶剂浮选法分离精氨酸的分离机制.     

Studies on the mechanism of Indigo Carmine removal by solvent sublation

Indigo Carmine (C16H8N2Na2O8S2), an anionic dye, was removed from aqueous solution by solvent sublation of Indigo Carmine-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) complex (sublate) into 2-octanol. A stoichiometric amount of surfactant (surfactant:dye=2:1) was demonstrated to be able to remove over 93% IC from the aqueous solution in 5 min. The apparent activation energy of attachment of the sublate to bubbles was calculated as 1.3 kJ/mol. Parameters were considered. At the same time, on the base of the complete transport mechanism, a mathematical model for the dye-surfactant complexation was obtained. Furthermore, the simulation of the mathematical and experimental data was made with good results.     

溶剂气浮分离技术研究现状与发展方向

溶剂气浮技术是一种较为简捷有效的水中微量、痕量组分分离与富集方法, 也可用于水中有机污染物的去除, 它在许多方面优于传统的萃取方法。本文比较全面地综述了溶剂气浮技术的装置、影响因素、机理及其应用, 并指出了溶剂气浮技术的发展方向。     

The kinetics and thermodynamics of surfactants in solvent sublation

Solvent sublation has been performed on very dilute solutions of one cationic surfactant, hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HPC), and one anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (LBS). Some thermodynamic values were obtained, e.g. molecular areas, A₀, which are 50.0 and 47.7 Ų/molecule, respectively, for HPC and LBS, and free adsorption energies, ΔG°_ads, which are –33.17 and –43.58 kJ mol^–1, respectively, for HPC and LBS. The kinetics were determined for a range of temperatures and gas flow-rates. Although the processes of solvent sublation of the two surfactants obey first-order kinetics, the respective adsorption mechanisms of HPC and LBS in the solvent sublation process were different. The pH and the presence of KCl and ethanol had no effect on the solvent sublation of LBS. The apparent active energy was calculated as 8.11 kJ mol^–1.     

溶剂浮选法分离富集茶叶中茶多酚的研究

采用溶剂浮选法分离富集了茶叶中的茶多酚。考察了浮选溶剂、氮气流速、试液pH及浮选时间等因素对浮选效率的影响,优选出最佳浮选条件;对最佳条件下的浮选效果进行了评价,并与溶剂萃取法进行了比对,前者明显优于后者。