超短脉冲激光诱导周期性表面结构（英文）

激光诱导周期性表面结构(Laser-induced periodic surface structures,LIPSS)具有纳米尺度的特征结构和自重复的微观尺度的排列图案,因此,LIPSS在传感器、太阳能发电、光催化等方面具有广泛的应用前景。本文首先介绍LIPSS形成过程中超快激光与物质相互作用的复杂过程,强调瞬态光学性质和表面结构变化的作用。然后综述几种具有代表性的LIPSS形成机理,并且讨论了各自的优缺点。接着介绍了LIPSS形成过程中材料的变化,主要包括材料化学成分、晶体结构和表面微观结构的变化。最后综述了LIPSS在材料表面处理、光学和机械等方面的应用。     

激光诱导薄膜材料二维图案化纳米加工技术(特邀)EI北大核心CSCD

激光诱导周期性表面结构(Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures,LIPSS)是一种在激光辐照下自发生成的超衍射极限结构,但其结构类型较为单一。提出了一种新型的二维图案化激光纳米加工方法,通过同时利用激光诱导的热效应及表面等离激元干涉,在正交的两个方向上分别形成褶皱和LIPSS两种周期性结构。这种方法仅通过单步辐照就能在薄膜材料表面生成二维褶皱LIPSS,从而丰富LIPSS的结构类型。同时,通过调整加工材料的膜厚或基底,以及改变入射激光波长或角度,可以分别调制二维纳米结构在两个正交方向上的周期。此外,通过激光偏振也可以调控该结构的取向。该方法能够进一步拓宽基于LIPSS的可加工表面纳米结构的种类及应用。     

纳秒激光诱导光学元件后表面损伤过程中的爆炸流场及喷溅行为

紫外光学元件损伤动力学的研究是关联物质微观结构演化与光学元件宏观性质变化的重要纽带。在光学元件后表面损伤坑形成的过程中,激光能量沉积导致材料爆炸形成高温高压物质突破表面,并伴随形成爆炸流场和喷溅射流。爆炸流场与初始起爆强度具有强关联性,对爆炸流场及喷溅行为进行研究,可以帮助分析损伤初期的材料状态变化和响应机制,是损伤动力学研究的必需环节。基于多种时间分辨成像技术,捕获了损伤发展前期的材料电离和气化响应演化行为,分析了材料损伤起爆后气化电离等过程的弛豫时间,并确定各个行为转化的关键时间节点,描述了损伤区域能量快速释放的物理过程。     

光学超材料的制备方法与参数提取

在光学超材料研究过程中,其微观结构的控制制备技术至关重要。综述了国内外在光学超材料制备方法方面的大致发展历程。重点介绍了二维光学超材料的制备技术,并分析对比了各种经典制备方法的优缺点。在二维光学超材料制备方法基础上,进一步叙述了三维光学超材料的传统制备和新的研究制备方法。简要介绍了均匀介质光学超材料的介电常数、磁导率、折射率和阻抗等有效电磁参数的提取过程。     

超高时空分辨光电子显微镜的研究进展(特邀)

新型光电材料、磁性材料、低维量子材料等是目前凝聚态物理的研究前沿,其在微纳尺度的近场光学动力学具有丰富的物理内涵和广阔的应用前景。飞秒激光的超高时间分辨与光电子显微镜的超高空间分辨结合为一种超高时空分辨测量技术,为材料物理、表面物理等研究注入了新的活力,提供了强有力的平台。本文介绍了超高时空分辨光电子显微镜,讨论了其在金属表面等离激元动力学、低维材料等新型半导体材料动力学、材料异质结界面动力学等方面的应用和研究进展,最后展望了其在飞秒-纳米尺度表面和界面物理研究的应用前景。     

原子层厚度超表面光场调控原理及应用

超表面由亚波长尺度二维人工微结构构成,可以实现对光场振幅、相位、偏振等多参量进行调控,为光场调控提供了优良平台。二维材料作为一种新型层状结构材料,相对于三维体材料有着十分独特的光学和电学特性,其与超表面结合为纳米尺度平面光学器件的发展提供了新的可能。本文综述了基于原子层厚度的二维材料超表面发展,介绍了多种二维材料超表面光场调控机制、制备以及应用,最后对原子层厚度超表面发展面临的挑战和潜在应用进行展望。     

扫描方向对金属和硅复合薄膜表面激光诱导自组织加工质量的影响(特邀)EI北大核心CSCD

激光诱导周期性表面结构的质量可通过调整激光参数、改善材料表面和优化扫描策略等手段来提高。研究了扫描方向对线偏振激光诱导金属/硅复合薄膜表面氧化LIPSS的影响。结果表明,当扫描方向垂直于激光偏振方向时,纳米结构会出现分叉、不连续等问题;当扫描方向平行于激光偏振方向时,纳米结构呈现短程有序,但在光斑拼接处存在扭曲;而当扫描方向与激光偏振方向存在一定夹角时,容易获得长程均匀有序的周期性纳米结构。数值仿真结果表明造成这些现象的原因是近场效应对自组织过程具有不可忽略的影响。     

激光拉曼光谱在气体水合物研究中的应用

天然气水合物是一种重要的潜在能源。用激光拉曼光谱法表征气体水合物能够为研究水合物形成机理和开采方法提供重要信息。系统介绍了激光拉曼光谱法的基本原理,综述了激光拉曼光谱仪在气体水合物微观表征上的各种实际应用。通过激光拉曼测试可分析水合物气体组成、推测结构类型,再利用经验公式或者相对定量法可计算出其大/小笼的气体占有率和水合数;利用原位拉曼技术可以观测水合物形成和分解的微观过程,解析气体分子进入和离开笼子的进程、进行水合物形成和分解过程中气体浓度变化及水合物形成过程中气体溶解度的测定,辨识水合物系统中的相变过程,进而研究水合物形成和分解动力学;激光拉曼光谱法还可用于研究超高压条件下气体水合物的结构及其变化过程。原位拉曼光谱能够对深海天然气水合物及其环境在原位进行表征;利用拉曼成像技术可以对水合物晶体表面进行系统测定,探求气体组分在晶体表面的分布。随着激光拉曼技术的发展及与其他设备联用水平的提高,激光拉曼光谱仪向便携,高灵敏度发展,能够更广泛深入地进行气体水合物微观研究。     

激光薄膜吸收损耗控制研究进展

激光技术的不断发展对激光薄膜的光学性能、激光损伤阈值、机械性能等提出了越来越高的要求。具有低吸收损耗的激光薄膜在强激光、精密测量等领域有十分重要的应用。从电子束蒸发和离子束溅射沉积工艺、薄膜材料两个方面,对激光薄膜在吸收损耗控制方面的研究进展进行综述,详细介绍了制备过程中多个环节对薄膜吸收损耗的调控方法,以及单一材料和混合物薄膜的吸收机理、吸收调控方法。     

慢正电子束流技术在金属/合金微观缺陷研究中的应用

正电子湮没谱学技术是研究材料微观结构非常有效的一种核谱学分析方法, 主要用于获取材料内部微观结构的分布信息, 特别是微观缺陷结构及其特性等传统表征方法难以获取的微观结构信息. 近年来, 在慢正电子束流技术快速发展的基础上, 正电子湮没谱学技术在薄膜材料表面和界面微观结构的研究中得到了广泛应用. 特别是该技术对空位型缺陷的高灵敏表征能力, 使其在金属/合金材料表面微观缺陷的形成机理、缺陷结构特性及其演化行为等研究方面具有独特的优势. 针对材料内部微观缺陷的形成、演化机理以及缺陷特性的研究, 如缺陷的微观结构、化学环境、电子密度和动量分布等, 正电子湮没谱学测量方法和表征分析技术已经发展成熟. 而能量连续可调的低能正电子束流, 进一步实现了薄膜材料表面微观结构深度分布信息的实验表征. 本文综述了慢正电子束流技术应用研究的最新进展, 主要围绕北京慢正电子束流装置在金属/合金材料微观缺陷的研究中对微观缺陷特性的表征和表面微观缺陷演化行为的应用研究成果展开论述.     

Effect of irradiation history on the preparation of laser induced periodic microstructure on polyimide surface

Although UV laser is proved to be an effective tool to prepare microstructure on polymer surface, laser ablation accompanied by the formation of laser induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) limits its application in many fields. The purpose of this report is to investigate the effect of pre-irradiation in advance, using a low-fluence laser, on the LIPSS formation. The properties of pre-irradiated PI films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface tension based on the contact angle measurements and UV-vis spectra. It was found that pre-irradiation at low fluence led to the changes in surface property such as chemical components though no LIPSS was formed. As a result, threshold of LIPSS formation on such pre-irradiated PI film decreased and fine LIPSS with deeper amplitude was obtained.     

Effect of fluence and ambient environment on the surface and structural modification of femtosecond laser irradiated Ti

Under certain conditions, ultrafast pulsed laser interaction with matter leads to the formation of self-organized conical as well as periodic surface structures(commonly reffered to as, laser induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS). The purpose of the present investigations is to explore the effect of fsec laser fluence and ambient environments(Vacuum O_2) on the formation of LIPSS and conical structures on the Ti surface. The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope(SEM). The ablation threshold with single and multiple(N = 100) shots and the existence of an incubation effect was demonstrated by SEM investigations for both the vacuum and the O_2 environment. The phase analysis and chemical composition of the exposed targets were performed by x-ray diffraction(XRD) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(EDS), respectively. SEM investigations reveal the formation of LIPSS(nano micro). FFT d-spacing calculations illustrate the dependence of periodicity on the fluence and ambient environment. The periodicity of nano-scale LIPSS is higher in the case of irradiation under vacuum conditions as compared to O_2. Furthermore, the O2 environment reduces the ablation threshold. XRD data reveal that for the O_2 environment, new phases(oxides of Ti) are formed. EDS analysis exhibits that after irradiation under vacuum conditions, the percentage of impurity element(Al) is reduced. The irradiation in the O_2 environment results in 15% atomic diffusion of oxygen.     

Implications of transient changes of optical and surface properties of solids during femtosecond laser pulse irradiation to the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures

The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) upon irradiation of silicon wafer surfaces by linearly polarized Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser pulses (pulse duration 130 fs, central wavelength 800 nm) is studied experimentally and theoretically. In the experiments, so-called low-spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) were found with periods smaller than the laser wavelength and an orientation perpendicular to the polarization. The experimental results are analyzed by means of a new theoretical approach, which combines the widely accepted LIPSS theory of Sipe et al. with a Drude model, in order to account for transient (intra-pulse) changes of the optical properties of the irradiated materials. It is found that the LSFL formation is caused by the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons, SPPs, once the initially semiconducting material turns to a metallic state upon formation of a dense free-electron-plasma in the material and the subsequent interference between its electrical field with that of the incident laser beam resulting in a spatially modulated energy deposition at the surface. Moreover, the influence of the laser-excited carrier density and the role of the feedback upon the multi-pulse irradiation and its relation to the excitation of SPP in a grating-like surface structure is discussed.     

Laser-induced damage and periodic stripe structures of a CaF_2 single crystal by an ArF excimer laser

The laser-induced damage threshold of a calcium fluoride(CaF2)single crystal was obtained by a 193 nm ArF excimer laser.The damage morphology of the crystal was analyzed.The results showed that the surface of CaF2 single crystal broke along the natural cleavage plane under ArF excimer laser irradiation,some fragments fell off,and Newton’s rings were observed on the curved fragments.Laser-induced periodic stripe structures(LIPSS)appeared on the surface layer beneath the fragments that peeled off.The spacing of LIPSS was measured,and the formation mechanism of LIPSS was analyzed based on the interference model.     

Dynamics of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures on dielectrics and semiconductors upon femtosecond laser pulse irradiation sequences

The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) upon irradiation of fused silica and silicon with multiple (N _DPS) irradiation sequences consisting of linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulse pairs (pulse duration ～150 fs, central wavelength ～800 nm) is studied experimentally. Nearly equal-energy double-pulse sequences are generated allowing the temporal pulse delay Δt between the cross-polarized individual fs-laser pulses to be varied from ?40 ps to +40 ps with a resolution of ～0.2 ps. The surface morphologies of the irradiated surface areas are characterized by means of scanning electron and scanning force microscopy. Particularly for dielectrics in the sub-ps delay range striking differences in the orientation and spatial characteristics of the LIPSS can be observed. For fused silica, a significant decrease of the LIPSS spatial periods from ～790 nm towards ～550 nm is demonstrated for delay changes of less than ～2 ps. In contrast, for silicon under similar irradiation conditions, the LIPSS periods remain constant (～760 nm) for delays up to 40 ps. The results prove the impact of laser-induced electrons in the conduction band of the solid and associated transient changes of the optical properties on fs-LIPSS formation.     

Preparation of C/Ni–NiO composite nanofibers for anode materials in lithium-ion batteries

We report here on a systematic study about the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on biopolymers. Self-standing films of the biopolymers chitosan, starch and the blend of chitosan with the synthetic polymer poly (vinyl pyrrolidone), PVP, were irradiated in air with linearly polarized laser beams at 193, 213 and 266 nm, with pulse durations in the range of 6–17 ns. The laser-induced periodic surface structures were topographically characterized by atomic force microscopy and the chemical modifications induced by laser irradiation were inspected via Raman spectroscopy. Formation of LIPSS parallel to the laser polarization direction, with periods similar to the laser wavelength, was observed at efficiently absorbed wavelengths in the case of the amorphous biopolymer chitosan and its blend with PVP, while formation of LIPSS is prevented in the crystalline starch biopolymer.     

Laser-induced periodic surface structures on polymers for formation of gold nanowires and activation of human cells

Frequently observed coherent structures in laser-surface processing are ripples, also denoted as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). For polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS), LIPSS can be induced by irradiation with linearly polarized ns-pulsed UV laser light. Under an angle of incidence of θ, their lateral period is close to the laser wavelength λ divided by (n _eff ? sinθ). Here, n _eff is the effective refractive index which is 1.32 and 1.23 for PET and PS, respectively. We describe potential applications of LIPSS for alignment and activation of human cells cultivated on polymer substrates, as well as for formation of separated gold nanowires which show pronounced surface plasmon resonances, e.g., at 775 nm for PET.     

On the physics of self-organized nanostructure formation upon femtosecond laser ablation

We present new results on femtosecond LIPSS on silicon, fostering the dynamic model of self-organized structure formation. The first set of experiments demonstrates LIPSS formation by irradiation with a femtosecond white light continuum. The ripples are, as usual, perpendicular to the light polarization with a fluence-dependent wavelength between 500 and 700 nm. At higher dose (fluence × number of shots), the LIPSS turn to much coarser structures. The second set of experiments displays the dose dependence of pattern evolution at about threshold fluence. In contrast to the general case of multi-pulse LIPSS, where a strong dependence of the structures on the laser polarization is observed, single-shot exposition of silicon at about the ablation threshold results in a concentric pattern of very regular sub-wavelength ripples following the oval shape of the irradiated spot, without any reference to the laser polarization. When increasing the number of pulses, the usual, typical ripples develop and then coalesce into broader perpendicular structures, interlaced with remnants of the first, finer ripples.     

Morphology control of laser-induced periodic surface structure on the surface of nickel by femtosecond laser

An interesting transition between low spatial frequency laser-induced periodic surface structure(LIPSS) and high spatial frequency LIPSS(HSFL) on the surface of nickel is revealed by changing the scanning speed and the laser fluence. The experimental results show the proportion of HSFL area in the overall LIPSS(i.e., K) presents a quasi-parabola function trend with the polarization orientation under a femtosecond(fs) laser single-pulse train.Moreover, an obvious fluctuation dependence of K on the pulse delay is observed under a fs laser dual-pulse train.The peak value of the fluctuation is found to be determined by the polarization orientation of the dual-pulse train.     

Dependence of ablation threshold and LIPSS formation on copper thin films by accumulative UV picosecond laser shots

The ablation threshold and Laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) formation on copper thin film were investigated using a picosecond laser (Nd:YAG laser: 266 nm, 42 ps, 10 Hz). We show that the ablation threshold varies with respect to the number of laser shots (N) on two different substrates. The single-shot ablation threshold was estimated to be close to 170 ± 20 mJ/cm². The incubation coefficient was estimated to be 0.68 ± 0.03 for copper thin films on silicon and glass substrates. In addition, morphology changes of the ablated regions, in the same spot area, were studied as a function of fluence and number of laser shots. An intermediate structure occurred with a mix of low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL), high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) and regular spikes at a fluence F < 250 mJ/cm² and 1,000 < N ≤ 10.000 shots. LSFL was observed with a spatial period close to the irradiation wavelength and an orientation perpendicular to the laser polarization, and HSFL with a spatial period of ～120 nm and a parallel orientation. Lastly, the global relationship between the laser parameters (i.e. fluence and number of shots) and LIPSS formation was established in the form of a 2D map.