凝胶色谱和1,2聚丁二烯的溶液性质

本工作根据凝胶色谱柱的单分散校准关系和试样的实效关系间的理论联系,建议了一个从一组重均和数均分子量确知的多分散试样的实验谱图,同时订定凝胶色谱柱的分子量校准关系和扩展因子的计算觅数方法。     

凝胶色谱的仪器扩展效应

从对董履和积分方程作矩数分析的结果,建议了两种对凝胶色谱扩展效应作改正的简便方法。引进了改正因子ξ以对实验谱图作改正。当色谱柱是线性柱时,对校准关系作改正可以给出等同的结果。仪器扩展函数可以定义为其中B_M~*为多分散试样分子量的对数与淋出体积间实际关系的斜率。     

凝胶色谱与毛细管粘度计联用作分离和扩展效应的同时校准

本文讨论了凝胶色谱仪-毛细管粘度计联用时,实验数据的处理,连接管道死体积、虹吸管的残留体积等对特性粘数及其淋出体积的关系,并给出了改正方法和数学公式。通过窄分布的聚苯乙烯试样的实验数据,利用实测关系[?](V)与单分散校准关系[?](V_R)间的理论联系,对凝胶色谱柱组的分离和扩展效应同时作出了校准。     

用已知数均分子量的多个多分散标样校准尺寸排除色谱柱

Hamielec双因子觅数法曾广泛应用于多分散标样校准尺寸排除色谱(SEC)柱.其后,有人将它改进为单因子觅数法,他们一般只使用了一个已知两种标定量(_n和_w或_η)的样品.在已知某一种标定量的多个多分散试样的校准工作中,有的为前述方法在非线性校准上的扩展,仍采用试凑法逼近目标函数;Szewczyk则利用与标定量对应的平均保留体积的概念,提出了一种较为有效的方法.     

凝胶色谱与多角激光光散射联用研究聚氧化乙烯的扩展效应和链构象

采用凝胶色谱与多角激光光散射联用的方法,测定了一系列不同分子量的聚乙二醇(PEG)和聚氧化乙烯(PEO)在色谱柱中的扩展效应.扩展因子随PEG/PEO分子量的增加而增大,经扩展效应改正后得到了样品的准确分子量和分子量分布.同时建立了PEO的Z均回转半径Rgz与重均分子量Mw之间的单分散标度关系:Rgz=0.0272 Mw0.56,结果表明,长链PEO在水溶液中由于排除体积效应采取溶胀的无规线团构象.     

凝胶色谱与激光小角光散射联用标定国产窄分布聚苯乙烯

用GPC-LALLS 法测定了国产窄分布聚苯乙烯的三种平均分子量,得到较为准确的多分散指数。经过这样标定的标样可用作GPC柱的分离和扩展效应的校准。测定结果与经典方法进行了对照;同时报道了检测器灵敏度对扩展因子的影响。     

尺寸排除色谱扩展因子的保留体积依赖性

尺寸排除色谱扩展函数的方差即尺寸排除色谱柱中单分散高分子峰的扩展因子,以窄分布聚苯乙烯标样用分子量分离和扩展效应同时标准的方法作了测量。简单的理论分析导出了一个方程以表示扩展因子的保留体积依赖性,其中包括四个具有明确物理意义并可实验测量的参数。该方程与实验数据符合得相当好,并解释了扩展因子极值出现的条件。     

凝胶色谱与激光小角光散射联用标定国产窄分布聚苯乙烯

 ]用GPC-LALLS法测定了国产窄分布聚苯乙烯的三种平均分子量，得到较为准确的多分散指数。经过这样标定的标样可用作GPC柱的分离和扩展效应的校准。测定结果与经典方法进行了对照；同时报道了检测器灵敏度对扩展因子的影响。     

凝胶色谱与自动粘度计联用技术在高聚物研究中的应用

自动粘度计作为测定分子尺寸的手段与示差际光器联用于凝胶色谱检测器时,将大大扩大其应用范围,如测定粘度常数k、α与色谱柱分离和扩展同时校准,已成为测定聚合物长链支化的有力手段。联机的基本原理比较简单,如图1所示。     

相对时间法计算凝胶渗透色谱测试大分子分子量和分子量分布

在凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对大分子的分子量和分子量分布的测试中,本研究利用小分子乙二醇在系统中出峰时间恒定的现象,采用乙二醇的出峰时间作为标识物,将GPC的色谱图转化为相对时间,再以相对时间建立校正曲线,作为计算分子量和分子量分布的依据。此方法解决了在测试色谱图的记录、校准曲线的建立和分子量的计算中以实际时间来表示和计算分子量时,由于GPC泵的重复性不稳定、色谱柱柱效的下降、仪器更换过不同的色谱柱等因素造成的使校正曲线出现偏差、分子量计算结果出现误差等问题。     

SIMULTANEOUS CALIBRATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT SEPARATION AND COLUMN DISPERSION OF SEC WITH CHARACTERIZED POLYMER STANDARDS

With the aid of the theoretical relationship between the calibration relation of a SEC column for the monodisperse polymer species under ideal working condition and the effective relations between the molecular weight and the elution volume for characterized polymer samples, a computational procedure for simultaneous calibration of molecular weight separation and column dispersion is proposed. From the experimental chromatograms of narrow MWD polystyrene standards and broad MWD 1,2-polybutadiene fractions the spreading factors of a SEC column was deduced by the proposed method. The variation of the spreading factor with the elution volume is independent upon the polymer sample used.     

Size exclusion chromatography of branched polymers: Star and comb polymers

Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to estimate the elution curve of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The present simulation can be applied to various types of branched polymers, as long as the kinetic mechanism of nonlinear polymer formation is given. We considered two types of detector systems, (1) a detector that measures the polymer concentration in the elution volume to determine the calibrated molecular weights, such as by using the differential refractive index detector (RI), and (2) a detector that determines the weight‐average molecular weight of polymers within the elution volume directly, such as a light scattering photometer (LS). For polydisperse star polymers, both detector systems tend to give a reasonable estimate of the true molecular weight distribution (MWD). On the other hand, for comb‐branched polymers, the RI detector underestimates the molecular weight of branched polymers significantly. The LS detector system improves the measured MWD, but still is not exact. The present simulation technique promises to establish various types of complicated reaction mechanisms for nonlinear polymer formation by using the SEC data quantitatively. In addition, the present technique could be used to reinvestigate a large amount of SEC data obtained up to the present to estimate the true MWD.     

Monte Carlo simulation of size exclusion chromatography for branched polymers formed through free‐radical polymerization with chain transfer to polymer

The elution curves of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for branched polymers formed through free‐radical polymerization that involves chain transfer to polymer were theoretically investigated by using a Monte Carlo method. We considered two types of measured molecular weight distribution (MWD), (1) the calibrated MWD relative to standard linear polymers, and (2) the MWD obtained by using a light scattering photometer (LS) in which the weight‐average molecular weight of polymers within the elution volume is determined directly. It was found that the calibrated MWD clearly underestimates the high molecular weight tail, and the measured distributions are narrower than the true MWD. On the other hand, the present simulation results showed that the LS method gives reasonable estimates of the true MWDs. The mean square radius of gyration of the polymer molecules having the same molecular weight was also investigated. The radii of gyration showed clear deviation from the Zimm‐Stockmayer equation^[1] because of the non‐random nature of branched structure and the difference in the primary chain length distribution.     

一种新的标定体积排除色谱（SEC）的方法

基于体积排除色谱中测得的淋出体积和动态激光光散射中测得的平动扩散系数都直接依赖于高分子的流体力学体积这一事实，本文在理论上提出了一种把淋出体积分布和平动扩散系数分布二者结合起来标定体积排除色谱的新方法，并且在实验上通过对宽分布的聚苯乙烯标准样品的测试证实了该方法的可行性．     

Calibration of ultrafiltration membranes against size exclusion chromatography columns

Using the extension of the concept of universal calibration parameter, yielding a relation between the hydrodynamic volume of molecules and the elution volume in size exclusion chromatography (SEC), to retention coefficients in ultrafiltration (UF), we propose a direct calibration of UF membranes against chromatography columns. Plotting the retention coefficient by one given UF membrane of a series of probe molecules versus their elution volume in SEC chromatography provides a calibration curve for this membrane. For a wide range of retentions, such calibration can be directly used to predict the retention of any molecule: one only needs to measure its exclusion volume by the SEC column, and read the retention by the calibrated membrane on the calibration curves.     

A Method of Correcting for Flow-Rate Fluctuations in Size Exclusion Chromatography Calculations: Applications to Methylene Chloride/Hexafluoroisopropanol Solvent System

Abstract

The mixture of methylene chloride/hexafluoroisopropanol (70/30, v/v) is an excellent polyester solvent, but its low boiling point causes unstable flow when it is used for size exclusion chromatography (SEC). In high-performance SEC experiments, retention time is normally used to measure elution volume; however, unstable flow makes it difficult to calibrate an SEC column set or calculate molecular weight parameters from a chromatogram. We have devised a simple and inexpensive method to compensate for the effect of unstable flow in SEC calculations. A calibration marker injected along with each sample is used to indicate flow-rate variations. The ratio of the sample retention time to the marker retention time is invariant to flow-rate changes and is used in place of retention time as a measure of elution volume in the universal calibration technique. Calibrating a column set and analyzing chromatograms by this method result in a large improvement in the accuracy and precision of calculated molecular weight parameters.     

Size-exclusion chromatography using deuterated mobile phases

The effect of deuterated solvents in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was studied by comparing intrinsic viscosity measurements, SEC calibration curves, and column efficiency using water-soluble polymers. For aqueous SEC, the use of deuterium oxide slightly increases the SEC elution volume. To verify that adsorption onto the packing was absent, data from exclusion experiments were compared at 35 and 50 degrees C. Our results indicate that adsorption is not occurring for pullulan or polyethylene glycol (PEG)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO); for the latter, however, the elution volume increased using both D2O and H2O, indicative of slight hydrodynamic volume contraction of PEG/PEO at higher temperatures. A moderate increase in band broadening (moderate decrease in column efficiency) was observed using D2O. Finally, the effects of chloroform versus deuterated chloroform were evaluated, but no hydrodynamic volume changes were observed.     

THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT DEPENDENCE OF THE SPREADING FACTOR OF SEC COLUMNS AND THE SURFACE STRUCTURE OF THE PORE OF PACKINGS

The molecular weight separation and column dispersion for a number of SEC columns packedwith various packing materials were calibrated simultaneously using narrow MWD polystyrene stan-dards as probe. The molecular weight dependence of the spreading factor is closely related to thesurface structure in the pore of packings.