水热法制备高度取向的氧化锌纳米棒阵列

氧化锌的激子结合能(60meV)及光增益系数(300cm^-1)比GaN的(25meV,100cm^-1)还高,这一特点使它成为紫外半导体激光发射材料的研究热点。最近,Yang等成功地观测到规则的ZnO纳米线阵列的激光发射现象,更加激起了人们合成一维高度有序ZnO纳米结构的热情,由于一维ZnO     

TiO2/石墨烯复合材料的光生电荷分离调控与光催化产氢性能研究

半导体光生电荷分离是光催化过程中的关键步骤之一,其效率极大地影响了最终光催化性能.将TiO₂纳米片与石墨烯复合,能够促进TiO₂中光生电子和空穴的分离,从而提高其光催化活性.为了研究光生电荷的分离对TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料光催化性能的影响,通过调控TiO₂纳米片的尺寸来调节TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料中光生电荷分离的能力,然后研究其对TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料光催化性能的影响.合成了一系列不同厚度的TiO₂纳米片,将其与石墨烯复合,并通过光沉积负载Pt纳米颗粒作为助催化剂,用于光催化产氢.实验结果显示,随着TiO₂纳米片厚度减小,其与石墨烯形成的复合结构的光催化性能显著提高.这主要是由于TiO₂纳米片厚度减小时,光生电子沿厚度方向穿过TiO₂纳米片迁移到石墨烯的距离缩短,从而减少了光生电子在迁移过程中与空穴的复合;同时TiO₂纳米片厚度减小使其比表面积增大,使得TiO₂/石墨烯界面面积增大,从而使石墨烯更好地分离出TiO₂中的光生电子,有更多的光生电子到达石墨烯参与催化反应,提高TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料的光催化性能.此研究表明通过控制TiO₂纳米片的尺寸来调控TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料中光生电子和空穴的分离,是显著提高其光催化性能的有效途径.     

类石墨烯C3N4纳米片光催化分解水制氢中的量子限域效应

从层状化合物获得的纳米片是一类新型纳米结构材料,这种二维各向异性的纳米甚至亚纳米级的材料具有独特的物理化学性能,其中最好的一个例证就是从石墨烯C₃N₄到石墨烯C₃N₄纳米片的转变。通过高温氧化热刻蚀方法将体相g-C₃N₄剥离成g-C₃N₄纳米片,应用于染料敏化可见光分解水产氢,表现出了较体相g-C₃N₄高于2.6倍的产氢速率。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）、荧光光谱和光电化学等表征研究了g-C₃N₄纳米片的结构及曙红（EY）和g-C₃N₄纳米片之间的电子迁移过程。热剥离后的g-C₃N₄纳米片具有较高的比表面积,不仅可以更为有效地吸附染料分子,还因其量子限域效应大大增强了光生电荷的分离效率和电子转移效率,改善了电子沿平面方向的传输能力以及光生载流子的寿命,从而显著提高g-C₃N₄纳米片的光催化产氢活性。     

有机分子聚集体中振动分辨光谱的激子耦合效应

光谱是探究分子间相互作用及发光机理的有效手段.本工作采用Frenkel激子模型和量子力学/分子力学（QM/MM）方法系统研究了一系列聚集诱导发光（AIE）体系和传统荧光（非AIE）体系晶态下的吸收、发射光谱.结果表明,分子内电声子耦合（λ）与分子间激子耦合（J）竞争决定了晶态聚集体的光谱特性.在室温下,当J/λ值大于约0.17时,有机分子聚集体光谱的激子耦合效应将表现明显.例如,对于面对面排列的H聚集体,只有考虑激子耦合效应的理论计算光谱才与其实验光谱吻合很好,即相较于单分子光谱的吸收蓝移、发射减弱并红移.对于AIE体系,因为其J/λ值均小于0.17,AIE聚集体光谱特征主要是由分子内电声子耦合所主导,激子耦合可以忽略不计.     

带有吸电子-Cl基团的供体-受体氮化碳的构建及其光催化性能

聚合物氮化碳(C₃N₄)因具有可见光响应特性、良好的化学稳定性、无毒性等优点而成为一类极具吸引力的光催化剂.遗憾的是,由于本征库仑相互作用,C₃N₄中的光生电子和空穴通常以激子的形式存在,导致迁移到表面的光生电子和空穴数量减少,从而降低了光催化活性,因此人们做了大量的研究工作来促进激子解离成自由电子和空穴.D-A体系可以诱导内部电场的产生,从而促进激子解离成自由电子和空穴,因此,构建供体-受体(D-A)体系是一种有效地促进激子解离的方法.然后在内电场作用下,自由电子和空穴也能够更加容易地转移到共聚物表面,从而发生相应的光催化还原和氧化反应.本文选择了2-氨基-4,6-二氯嘧啶(C₄H₃Cl₂N₃)作为单体,与三聚氰胺共聚形成分子内共聚物(CNCl_x)来构建D-A体系.由于分子结构相似,C₄H₃Cl₂N₃与C₃N₃(NH₂)₃分子具有良好的化学相容性.在共聚过程中,C₄H₃Cl₂N₃在219~222℃升华,三聚氰胺在300℃升华,在温度继续升高到550oC的过程中,气相混合物充分混合并发生共聚反应.在共聚过程中,如果C₄H₃Cl₂N₃分子与C₃N₃(NH₂)₃反应,那么三聚氰胺沿着这个方向的聚合将终止,因此吸电子-Cl基团将全部位于共聚分子的末端.相较于体相C₃N₄,CNCl_x样品活性均有所提高,且随着-Cl基团数量的增加,CNCl_x样品活性先提高后降低,其中CNCl_0.15样品活性最高.CNCl_0.15在可见光下的析氢速率是体相C₃N₄的15.3倍,在420 nm处的表观量子效率为13.6%.对RhB,MO和苯酚的降解速率分别为体相C₃N₄的5.82,7.93和9.53倍.构建分子内D-A体系以后,C₃N₄活性提高主要是因为随着末端-Cl基团的增加,材料的吸光能力和激子解离效率提高.而且-Cl基团也可以充当电子的俘获位点,浓度进一步升高会降低电荷转移的效率使活性降低.EIS的奈奎斯特图和i-t曲线结果表明,CNCl_0.15的电弧半径最小,光电流最大,说明其具有最低的电阻和最高的载流子传输效率.紫外光电子能谱测试结果表明,CNCl_x功函数值较小,电子更容易在内部电场的作用下移动到表面,而过量的-Cl基团增加了CNCl_0.2的功函数值,导致CNCl_0.2样品的光催化活性降低.     

Sb2S3纳米粒子修饰ZnO纳米片微纳分级结构的光电化学性能

采用恒电位方法,选择氯化钾和乙二胺(EDA)为添加剂,在氧化铟锡(ITO)导电玻璃上制备了高度有序的ZnO纳米片阵列,通过二次电沉积得到了ZnO纳米片上生长纳米棒的微纳分级结构.利用化学浴沉积法在ZnO基底上沉积Sb₂S₃纳米粒子制备出了Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片壳核结构和Sb₂S₃/ZnO微纳分级壳核结构.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、瞬态光电流等对其形貌、结构组成和光电化学性能进行了表征和分析.结果表明, Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片上生长纳米棒分级壳核结构的光电流明显高于Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片壳核结构.在Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片壳核结构和Sb₂S₃/ZnO微纳分级壳核结构的基础上旋涂一层P3HT薄膜形成P3HT/Sb₂S₃/ZnO复合结构,以上述复合结构薄膜为光活性层组装成杂化太阳电池,其中, P3HT/Sb₂S₃/ZnO分级壳核结构杂化太阳电池的能量转换效率最高,达到了0.81%.     

铁酸锌(311)表面结构的密度泛函理论研究

利用原子层沉积技术（ALD）合成了铁酸锌（ZnFe₂O₄）纳米颗粒。基于密度泛函理论和原子热力学的方法,计算了ZnFe₂O₄的结构、磁性和电子性质,研究了ZnFe₂O₄（311）面六种不同终结面的稳定性与氧化学势和锌化学势的关系。结果表明,ZnFe₂O₄是具有正尖晶石结构的半导体,禁带宽度为1.91 eV,且具有反铁磁性。在ZnFe₂O₄可以稳定存在的化学势范围内,O₁、O₂、Fe₂、Zn₂四种终结面可以稳定存在,且具有不同的稳定区间。在富锌条件下（△μ_Zn=0 eV）,O₁终结面在大部分O化学势范围内最稳定,在贫锌条件下（△μ_Zn=-3.88 eV）,O₂终结面变得最稳定。     

基于金属卟啉2DMOFs仿酶催化的过氧化氢比色法检测

以四（4-羧苯基）铁卟啉（FeTCPP）作为有机配体,铜离子作为金属节点,利用溶剂热法制备了双金属Cu-FeTCPP金属有机骨架（MOFs）材料,并采用表面活性剂辅助法合成了二维纳米片（Cu-FeTCPP 2DMOFs）.该纳米片呈超薄的纳米结构,与三维块体结构（3DMOFs）相比具有更大的比表面积.基于Cu-FeTCPP 2DMOFs的仿酶特性,将其用于催化过氧化氢（H₂O₂）氧化底物3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺（TMB）显色,根据显色产物吸光度与H₂O₂浓度之间的正比关系实现了对H₂O₂的测定.经稳态动力学分析发现,底物相同时该纳米片的米氏常数K_m均比Cu-FeTCPP 3DMOFs的K_m小,表明纳米片与底物之间有更好的亲和力,这归因于二维结构大的比表面积和较多易接近的活性位点.基于Cu-FeTCPP 2DMOFs构建的比色检测方法在优化条件下对H₂O₂的线性检测范围为3~1000 μmol/L,检出限为2.08 μmol/L,在水体中H₂O₂的检测方面具有良好的应用前景.     

退火对单层二硫化钼荧光特性的影响

单层二硫化钼是继石墨烯后的一种新型二维材料. 它是一种直接带隙半导体, 具有优异的光电特性, 从而受到人们的广泛关注. 之前的研究报道过单层二硫化钼在氩气中退火后可以提升其A激子峰的荧光强度, 但我们发现, 空气中退火较氩气退火效果更为明显. 本文重点研究了在空气中退火对二硫化钼的荧光特性的影响. 不同条件下制备的单层二硫化钼样品, 经过在空气中退火处理后, 荧光峰位均发生了蓝移, 荧光强度提升了一个数量级. 我们认为, 这是由于空气退火造成二硫化钼缺陷的形成, 大量氧气分子被缺陷束缚并发生电荷转移. 氧气分子充当受主的角色, 起着P型掺杂的作用. 电荷的抽取造成二硫化钼的负电激子减少, 中性激子增多, 提升了其荧光量子效率. 我们在对照实验中发现, NH₃吸附在二硫化钼表面时, 荧光强度下降, 峰位红移, 这是由于NH₃分子充当施主的角色, 造成负电激子增多, 中性激子减少. 本文为提高单层二硫化钼的荧光量子效率提供了一种简单有效的方法.     

新型锌酞菁衍生物的合成及其光物理性质

以锌酞菁为母核，设计并合成了新型锌酞菁衍生物(1)，其结构经UV-Vis, ¹H NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。以DMSO为溶剂，对化合物1的光物理性质进行了检测。结果表明：化合物1的紫外-可见吸收光谱Q-带最大吸收峰为682 nm；荧光光谱的最大发射波长为690 nm；以无取代的ZnPc（Φ_F=0.20， Φ_△=0.67）为参照，测得化合物1的荧光量子产率（Φ_F）为0.22，单线态氧量子产率（Φ_△）为0.71；化合物1的光热转换效率为48.8%。      

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.