苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子吸附作用的研究

生物吸附法以其材料易得、吸附效果好、易解析、环境友好等优点而被广泛的应用于水溶液中低浓度重金属离子的吸附去除。光谱学显示苦荞茶含有多种基团且表面结构疏松，对水溶液中金属离子具有一定吸附潜力。探讨苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子吸附作用光谱分析。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对苦荞茶吸附铅、铜、镉、锌、铬前后进行表征，初步解析苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子吸附作用。使用等温吸附方程(Langmuir，Freundlich，Temkin和Dubinin-Radushkevich) 与动力学方程(准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散)来评价苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子吸附方式及行为。响应面法是一种数学建模的优化方法，能回归拟合各因素与实验结果之间的函数关系，从而确定实验因素及其交互作用对目标值的影响程度。采用响应面法考察目标离子初始浓度(A)、吸附剂颗粒大小(B)、吸附剂投加量(C)和吸附时间(D)四个因素对苦荞茶吸附水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子能力的影响作用及程度。等温吸附方程显示，苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子吸附方式以多层吸附方式为主，伴有其他吸附类型，苦荞茶对目标重金属吸附量排序为：铅＞镉＞铜＞锌＞铬，即为：30.67＞16.18＞13.85＞10.81＞8.43 mg·g-1。动力学方程与苦荞茶扫描电镜(SEM)提示，苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子吸附过程符合准二级动力学，其吸附速率由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散作用共同控制，而且苦荞茶表面疏松的结构出现表面趋于平滑，孔洞出现融合的现象。能谱分析(EDS)与傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)证实了水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子被苦荞茶所吸附，苦荞茶中-OH，-CH₂，-CH₃，CO， -NH，-C-O，CH基团参与水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、镉离子结合吸附作用并存在同一类型的基团吸附结合不同目标离子的现象。响应面法构建考察因素影响苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子去除能力模型，其调整回归决定系数分别为Adj R2_Pb=97.10，Adj R2_Cu=98.44，Adj R2_Cd=94.55，Adj R2_Zn=92.71，Adj R2_Cr=97.02，说明非线性模型可用来评价考察因素对苦荞茶吸附水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子影响作用。响应面法分析表明，考察因素[离子初始浓度(A)、吸附剂颗粒大小(B)、吸附剂投加量(C)和吸附时间(D)]对铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子去除率影响作用大小排序为：铅离子(A＞D＞B＞C)、铜离子(A＞C＞D＞B)、镉离子(A＞B＞C＞D)、锌离子(B＞C＞A＞D)、铬离子(C＞B＞D＞A)。研究结果说明，苦荞茶对水溶液中铅、铜、镉、锌、铬离子具有良好的吸附作用，为苦荞茶拓展新的应用途径提供了参考依据。     

油菜秸秆对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)吸附条件优化与机理的研究

探究油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力及其吸附机理。以水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)最大去除率为评价指标,采用响应面法Box-Behnken Design实验来分析溶液pH、Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度、粒径大小、油菜秸秆各部位投加量和时间因素对油菜秸秆吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响程度并建立多元回归模型,优化出最佳吸附条件参数组合;应用吸附动力学、等温吸附线模型来拟合油菜秸秆各部位对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附过程,评价其吸附行为;用红外光谱对吸附水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)前后的油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚进行表征,探讨其基团变化情况。结果表明： 水溶液pH与油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚的投加量两个因素是影响油菜秸秆对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)去除的关键因素。模型回归决定系数分别是R2_髓芯=0.9664,R2_外壳=0.970 1,R2_籽荚=0.964 9,方程拟合较好,模型可用。油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附行为符合二阶动力学方程与Langmuir等温线模型,对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)最大吸附量分别为135.14,78.74和90.09 mg·g-1。通过比较油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚吸附水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)前后红外光谱图发现,油菜秸秆各部位基团(羟基、羧基、酰胺等基团)发生了峰波数位移、强度降低的变化,提示这些基团在吸附水溶液Pb(Ⅱ)过程中发挥重要作用。     

磷酸酯化改性梨渣吸附污染水体中锌离子的研究

以砀山梨渣为原料,经磷酸酯化改性,制备一种酯化梨渣阳离子吸附剂,用批次实验法研究了其在不同实验条件下（pH值、吸附剂量、吸附质浓度和吸附时间）对金属锌离子的吸附性能。结果表明,溶液pH=3.5时,锌离子吸附达到最大值;酯化梨渣≥5g.L-1能除去锌离子为100mg.L-1溶液中的96%锌离子。改性梨渣对锌离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,最大吸附能力为28.986mg.g-1。锌离子达到吸附平衡的时间为30min;准一级反应动力学方程y=-0.0615x＋2.4437（r2=0.9921）描述锌离子在改性梨渣上的吸附过程。     

Pb(Ⅱ)印迹磁性复合吸附剂在水溶液中吸附行为的FAAS法分析

以壳聚糖为单体,磁性纳米Fe₃O₄为载体,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,利用本体聚合法制备的Pb(Ⅱ)印迹磁性复合吸附剂,可实现从水溶液中快速吸附分离Pb(Ⅱ)。印迹和非印迹吸附剂采用FTIR表征, FAAS法分析吸附过程中pH、吸附时间、初始浓度和温度等影响。结果发现,随着溶液pH值的增加, Pb(Ⅱ)-MICA对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附容量在溶液pH 5~6时达到最大,当吸附时间为120 min, 最大吸附容量为32.48 mg·g-1。吸附剂对Pb(Ⅱ)的Pb2+/Cu2+, Pb2+/Cd2+, Pb2+/Ni2+, Pb2+/Zn2+的相对选择性系数分别是MNICA的28.11, 91.14, 76.54, 33.06倍, 显示出对Pb2+具有良好的吸附选择性。Langmuir等温吸附模型与平衡吸附数据吻合(r2=1,饱和吸附容量为33.87 mg·g-1)。动力学和热力学研究结果表明,吸附过程属于Langmuir型单层吸附,受化学作用控制,是自发、放热、焓驱动的过程。     

纸质活性炭纤维的制备及性能表征

通过KOH活化纸巾制备活性炭纤维, 比表面积高达1388 m²/g. 用制得的活性炭纤维作为吸附剂进行亚甲基蓝吸附实验研究,用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型分析实验数据,并研究pH值对活性炭纤维吸附亚甲基蓝影响. 活性炭纤维吸附速率更适于Pseudo-second-order动力学模型,相关系数高达0.998. 整个浓度变化区间Langmuir吸附等温线比Freundlich吸附等温线更适合实验数据. 所制备活性炭纤维对亚甲基蓝最大平衡吸附量为520 mg/g,实验发现,pH值越高活性炭纤维对亚甲基蓝吸附量越大.     

近红外光谱和人工神经网络的金苦荞氨基酸快速测定

荞麦籽粒中富含谷类作物比较缺乏的赖氨酸,使其不同于其他作物,具有较高经济价值。传统氨基酸测定费时且昂贵,为满足金苦荞育种工作的需要,选用近红外光谱技术结合人工神经网络的算法建立快速检测金苦荞叶片中氨基酸含量的近红外模型。使用氨基酸含量差异较大的样品255个,扫描光谱后测定其化学值。研究发现样品苏氨酸(Thr)含量范围是5.307~14.374 mg·g-1;缬氨酸(Val)含量范围是6.137~16.204 mg·g-1;甲硫氨酸(Met)含量范围是0.308~3.049 mg·g-1;异亮氨酸(Ile)含量范围是5.259~14.134 mg·g-1;亮氨酸(Leu)含量范围是9.730~26.061 mg·g-1;苯丙氨酸(Phe)含量范围是5.936~17.223 mg·g-1;赖氨酸(Lys)含量范围是6.640~17.280 mg·g-1;谷氨酸(Glu)含量范围是10.984~27.740 mg·g-1;天冬氨酸(Asp)含量范围是6.437~17.280 mg·g-1;丝氨酸(Ser)含量范围是3.467~8.312 mg·g-1;精氨酸(Arg)含量范围是4.937~14.772 mg·g-1;丙氨酸(Ala)含量范围是3.329~6.885 mg·g-1;组氨酸(His)含量范围是1.946~4.798 mg·g-1;甘氨酸(Gly)含量范围是4.196~9.264 mg·g-1;脯氨酸(Pro)含量范围是1.024~5.672 mg·g-1;酪氨酸(Tyr)含量范围是0.176~1.173 mg·g-1;半胱氨酸(Cys)含量范围是0.422~1.926 mg·g-1。每次随机选取50个样品建设模型,以4∶1的比例随机分为训练集和测试集。数据进行归一化处理后,使用神经网络结构1102-9-1进行模型建设。利用多次学习的方式建立了较优模型,其中Arg和Asp近红外模型的仿真测试结果最好,预测值与真实值的相关系数(R2)均大于0.97,平均相对误差(RSD)也小于10%;另外Leu,Val,Tyr,Ile,Ser,Ala,Thr,His,Phe,Gly和Lys模型的R2均大于0.90,模型仿真测试数据的RSD小于10%,模型均可用;Met与Cys的模型进行仿真测试时,其预测值与真实值的R2均大于0.78,但RSD大于10%,模型不可用。结果表明,金苦荞叶片的氨基酸含量高,有极高应用价值,近红外光谱技术结合人工神经网络的分析方法可应用于金苦荞氨基酸含量的预测,为高品质荞麦育种工作提供了便利。     

原子吸收光谱法比较研究3种不同改性吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附

从吸附时间、pH值、吸附剂加入量、铬离子初始浓度4个方面,通过原子吸收光谱法比较了改性甘蔗渣、改性花生壳和改性梨渣的吸附特性.在铬离子浓度100mg·L-1、吸附剂投量15g·L-1、最佳pH值、吸附时间120min的实验条件下,三者吸附率不同,改性甘蔗渣的吸附率达86.7％以上,改性花生壳吸附率达64.8％,改性梨渣的吸附率达60.8％.3种改性吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附均符合Langmuir等温模型,其最大吸附能力分别为23.92、22.09、20.47mg·g-1.准一级反应动力学方程可描述3种改性吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附过程.     

紫外光谱法研究黄药在黄铜矿表面的吸附热力学与动力学

在紫外吸收光谱范围内对黄药溶液进行扫描,发现在波长226.5和300 nm处有两个明显吸收峰,且300 nm处的吸收峰强于226.5 nm处的。采用标准曲线法对不同浓度的标准样品进行浓度测量,对所得数据进行线性拟合,结果表明：在波长226.5和300 nm处的线性相关性均较好,但在波长300 nm处的相关性更佳,在226.5 nm处进行高浓度黄药溶液测量,可在300 nm处进行低浓度黄药溶液测量。在300 nm下对不同浓度黄药溶液进行定量分析,结果表明,最大吸光度为1.672,最小吸光度为0.032时,黄药溶液标准曲线的线性相关性仍很好,吸光度继续增大时,相关系数降低,在进行定量分析时,黄药浓度最好不要超过20 mg·L-1。在不同pH条件下,在300 nm处对黄药溶液进行浓度测量,发现pH为3时,吸光度下降,黄药开始分解,当溶液pH为2时,所测吸光度为0,黄药已完全分解,pH值在5~10范围内,黄铜矿对黄药吸附较好,溶液最佳吸附pH值为9。在300 nm处测量黄药在黄铜矿表面吸附量,分别采用Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型方程、准一级和准二级动力学方程模型对所得实验数据进行拟合,研究其在黄铜矿表面的吸附动力学和热力学。结果表明：在288～303 K范围内,温度变化对吸附量多少影响不大,黄药在黄铜矿表面的吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温线模型,黄铜矿对黄药的实际平衡吸附量Q_e均小于或接近理论单层饱和吸附量,Q_m值均与实验值极为接近,说明黄药在黄铜矿表面的吸附以单层化学吸附为主。随着温度升高,吸附量增加,说明升高温度有利于吸附过程进行,黄铜矿对黄药的吸附为吸热过程,但吸附量增加幅度很小,说明黄药在黄铜矿表面吸附受温度影响较小。该吸附过程是一个熵增、吸热、自发进行的过程,热力学参数可通过范特霍夫方程计算得到,吸附焓变ΔH为48.703 41 kJ·mol-1,熵变ΔS为219.403 88 J·(mol·K)-1,吸附自由能变ΔG为-16.054 93 kJ·mol-1,推测该吸附过程属于化学吸附;黄铜矿对黄药的吸附更符合准二级动力学方程模型,Q_t值随着温度升高而增大,且变化幅度很小,表明黄药在黄铜矿表的吸附过程为吸热过程,但受温度变化较小,这与热力学分析的结论一致,对方程拟合所得Q_e值均与实验值极为接近。     

原子吸收光谱法测定磷酸酯化梨渣吸附的Cr（Ⅵ）离子

通过原子吸收光谱法研究了在不同pH值、吸附剂量、吸附质浓度和吸附时间条件下磷酸酯化改性梨渣吸附Cr（Ⅵ）离子的效果。溶液初始pH 4.5时,Cr（Ⅵ）离子的吸附达到最大值;酯化梨渣≥10g.L-1能除去Cr（Ⅵ）为100μg.L-1溶液中的86.5%的Cr（Ⅵ）离子。酯化梨渣对Cr（Ⅵ）离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温模型,其最大吸附能力为67.56μg.g-1。Cr（Ⅵ）离子达到吸附平衡的时间为90min,准一级反应动力学方程可描述酯化梨渣对Cr（Ⅵ）离子的吸附过程。     

一种针对作物生育期光谱迁移的修正植被指数

针对基于固定特征波长的植被指数不能适用于多个生育期叶绿素含量的诊断这一问题,研究优化提出一种基于双波长计算光谱覆盖面积的叶绿素诊断植被指数,用于稳健地诊断多生育期的营养。以拔节期、孕穗期和扬花期的冬小麦为研究对象,采集其325～1 075 nm范围的冠层反射光谱,测定采样样本的叶绿素含量。采用小波去噪和多元散射校正算法对光谱数据进行预处理。通过相关性分析,确定生育期特征波长的迁移范围,进而提出了基于光谱覆盖面积的冬小麦叶绿素含量光谱诊断参数(modified normalized area over reflectance curve, MNAOC）。以信噪比（SNR）和平滑度指标（S）进行综合评价,小波去噪函数的最佳参数为(“sqtwolog”,“mln”,“3”,“db5”)。相关性分析结果表明,生育期特征波段的迁移范围为（700 nm,723 nm）。在分析MNAOC指数对叶绿素含量诊断分辨率的基础上,以0.5 mg·L-1的分辨率建立一元线性回归模型的结果为：拔节期R2_c=0.840 1,R2_v=0.823 7;孕穗期R2_c=0.865 5,R2_v=0.817 4;扬花期R2_c=0.833 8,R2_v=0.807 6。与ratio vegetation index（RVI）等5种双波长植被指数对比表明,由于700和723 nm计算的光谱面积包含了由于生育期导致的光谱动态迁移特征,使得MNAOC指数在模型精度上和多个生育期的普适性上,都优于其他双波长代数运算植被指数,为大田环境冬小麦生育期叶绿素含量诊断提供支持。     

Optimization of the ultrasonic assisted removal of methylene blue by gold nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon using experimental design methodology

The present study was focused on the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by ultrasound-assisted adsorption onto the gold nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (Au-NP-AC). This nanomaterial was characterized using different techniques such as SEM, XRD, and BET. The effects of variables such as pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage (g), temperature and sonication time (min) on MB removal were studied and using central composite design (CCD) and the optimum experimental conditions were found with desirability function (DF) combined response surface methodology (RSM). Fitting the experimental equilibrium data to various isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models show the suitability and applicability of the Langmuir model. Analysis of experimental adsorption data to various kinetic models such as pseudo-first and second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models show the applicability of the second-order equation model. The small amount of proposed adsorbent (0.01 g) is applicable for successful removal of MB (RE > 95%) in short time (1.6 min) with high adsorption capacity (104–185 mg g⁻¹).     

Adsorptive removal of congo red dye from aqueous solution using bael shell carbon

This study investigates the potential use of bael shell carbon (BSC) as an adsorbent for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. The effect of various operational parameters such as contact time, temperature, pH, and dye concentration were studied. The adsorption kinetics was modeled by first-order reversible kinetics, pseudo-first-order kinetics, and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The dye uptake process obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic expression at pH 5.7, 7 and 8 whereas the pseudo-first-order kinetic model was fitted well at pH 9. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption models were applied to fit adsorption equilibrium data. The best-fitted data was obtained with the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic study showed that adsorption of CR onto BSC was endothermic in nature and favorable with the positive ΔH° value of 13.613 kJ/mol.     

Adsorption isotherms and kinetics of methylene blue on a low-cost adsorbent recovered from a spent catalyst of vinyl acetate synthesis

A regenerated activated carbon used as catalyst support in the synthesis of vinyl acetate has been tested as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of dyes. After a thorough textural characterization of the regenerated activated carbon, its adsorption isotherms and kinetics were determined using methylene blue as model compound at different initial concentrations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were developed and then compared. It was found that the equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, and it was found that the best fitting corresponded to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results showed that this novel adsorbent had a high adsorption capacity, making it suitable for use in the treatment of methylene blue enriched wastewater.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions using carbon nanoporous adsorbent coated with polymer

Phenolic compounds are a widespread class of water pollutants that are known to cause serious human health problems; and the demand for effective adsorbents for the removal of toxic compounds is increasing.In this work adsorption of phenol, resorcinol and p-cresol on mesoporous carbon material (CMK-1) and modified with polyaniline polymer (CMK-1/PANI) has been investigated in attempt to explore the possibility of using nanoporous carbon as an efficient adsorbent for pollutants. It was found that CMK-1/PANI exhibits significant adsorption for phenolic derivatives. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to study the effect of various parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, initial concentration and contact time. From the sorption studies it was observed that the uptake of resorcinol was higher than other phenolic derivatives. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used to model the equilibrium adsorption data for phenolic compounds.     

马丙共聚物吸附剂的制备及吸附性能的ICP-AES法研究

以马来酸酐和丙烯酰胺为功能单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂合成了马来酸酐、丙烯酰胺共聚物吸附剂P(MA-AM)。用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析对共聚物进行了表征,并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法研究了共聚物的吸附性能和选择性;结果表明,在pH 3.5时,P(MA-AM)对Fe3+具有很高的选择性,1 h达吸附平衡,其饱和吸附量为78.81 mg·g-1;Fe3+的吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,吸附模型可以用Freundlich等温吸附来描述,该吸附为吸热过程。     

Comparison of Activated Carbon,Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes,and Cadmium Hydroxide Nanowire Loaded on Activated Carbon as Adsorbents for Kinetic and Equilibrium Study of Removal of Safranine O

Activated carbon (AC), multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and cadmium hydroxide nanowire loaded on activated carbon (Cd(OH)₂-NW-AC) have been used for the removal of safranine O (SO) from wastewater. The effects of various parameters including pH, temperature, concentration of the dye, amount of adsorbents, and contact time on the SO adsorption efficiency for all adsorbents has been investigated. Graphical correlation of fitting experimental data to various adsorption isotherm models like those of Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich for all adsorbents have been calculated. It was found that safranine O adsorption on all adsorbents was endothermic and feasible in nature. Fitting the experimental data to different kinetic models suggests that the adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics with involvement of the particle diffusion mechanism.     

Adsorptive removal of anionic dyes by modified nanoporous silica SBA-3

Batch sorption experiments were carried out to remove dyes, methyl orange (MO), orange G (OG) and brilliant red X-3B (X-3B), from their aqueous solutions using a mesoporous silica SBA-3 as an adsorbent. The effect of surfactant template in SBA-3 on the removal of OG, MO and X-3B was investigated. Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of contact time, initial concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption performance. The adsorption results of anionic dyes on the uncalcined SBA-3 (noted as SBA-3) were compared with those of the calcined SBA-3 (noted as C-SBA-3). The uncalcined SBA-3 adsorbent has a large adsorption capacity and a strong affinity for the anionic dyes. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were employed to model the experimental results, from which the Freundlich isotherm exhibited the most appropriate to predict the same. Freundlich isotherm exhibited the most appropriate to predict the experimental results. The kinetic data were also analyzed through pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model well depicted the kinetics of dyes adsorption on mesoporous SBA-3.