2,3-二氯-5,6-二氰基苯醌在有机反应中的应用进展

2,3-二氯-5,6-二氰基苯醌(DDQ)是有机反应常用的氧化试剂,近几年在多种有机反应中的应用方面有了新的进展.本文综述了其作为氧化脱氢、苄基位和烯丙位氧化、氧化偶联环合及保护和脱保护等方面的研究成果.     

由醋酸去氢表雄酮合成熊去氧胆酸

探索了用植物源商业原料合成熊去氧胆酸的新方法. 以醋酸去氢表雄酮为原料, 以区域选择性烯丙位氧化、 Mistunbu反应和Luche还原为关键步骤, 通过9步反应, 以38.6%的总收率合成了熊去氧胆酸. 其中, 关键中间体4由化合物3经改进的烯丙位氧化反应以较高产率获得. 对关键的烯丙基氧化反应的条件进行了优化, 包括溶剂、 氧化剂和反应温度. 该方法原料易得、 产率较高, 并且有效地避免了动物源性原料的风险, 易于实现规模化合成, 因而具有较高的应用价值.     

新的手性联吡啶配体立体选择催化环丙烷化

近年来,手性联吡啶已广泛应用于不对称均相催化,如不对称环丙烷化[1]、烯丙位氧化[1]、烯丙位取代[2]及有机锌加成醛[3]等反应.     

壳聚糖席夫碱钴催化环己烯烯丙位氧化反应的研究

制备了壳聚糖(CS)水杨醛席夫碱钴配合物,利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、红外(IR)等方法对其结构特征进行了分析,并以氧气为氧化剂,评价了该配合物的环己烯氧化催化性能,初步考察了催化剂用量、反应温度以及反应时间等因素对氧化反应的影响。实验结果表明:CS-席夫碱钴配合物具有良好的环己烯催化氧化活性和较高的烯丙位氧化选择性,在较优条件下,环己烯转化率和烯丙位氧化选择性分别达到85.3%和81.3%;催化剂具有较好的稳定性,易分离可多次重复使用。     

全氟己酮中间体全氟丙酰氟及全氟环氧丙烷的合成研究进展

全氟己酮是优良的灭火剂和清洁剂,环境友好且性能优异。本文对其合成工艺进行探究,指出了以六氟丙烯为原料的合成工艺具有工业化的前景,并对六氟丙烯工艺中的重要中间体六氟丙酰氟及六氟环氧丙烷(HFPO)的合成方法进行了分析,指出分子氧液相氧化六氟丙烯制HFPO及使用鼓泡反应器将HFPO异构化成全氟丙酰氟是最有应用前途的工业合成方法。     

（±）－耳壳藻内酯全合成研究（Ⅰ）

从柠檬醛出发，经环化、氰基化、烯丙位氧化、水解及环化还原等５步反应，合成了（±）－耳壳藻内酯（１）。     

单金属锰、铁卟啉对空气氧化α-蒎烯的催化作用及取代基效应

以α-蒎烯为底物,空气作氧化剂,研究了苯环上带有不同取代基团的单锰卟啉和单铁卟啉对空气氧化α-蒎烯的催化作用及反应中的取代基效应.结果表明,单锰卟啉及单铁卟啉催化氧化α-蒎烯得到双键和烯丙位一、二级碳氢键的氧化产物,没有烯丙位三级碳氢键的氧化产物.环氧化合物是主要产物,而且氧化产物的产率随时间的变化呈较好的线性关系.随着苯环上meso位取代基Cl,CH3,OCH3和OH的供电子能力的增强,锰卟啉和铁卟啉对α-蒎烯的催化活性逐渐减弱,α-蒎烯的转化率逐渐降低.锰卟啉和铁卟啉的催化反应表观速率常数k与环外苯基上的取代基特性常数σ均呈良好的线性关系,Hammett关系式分别为lnk=1.2168σ-7.9968,lnk=0.6251σ-8.2426;线性相关系数分别为0.9507和0.9715.     

乙酰丙酮合铜(Ⅱ)催化合成3-氧代α-紫罗兰酮

烯丙位氧化;乙酰丙酮合铜(Ⅱ);紫罗兰酮;分子氧;正交实验     

烯丙硅化合物氧化反应的研究

本工作通过各种途径合成了二十多个各种类型的烯丙硅化合物,研究了它们烯丙位氧化及转化为β-硅基-α,β-不饱合羰基化合物的途径。试验的氧化剂有金属催化过氧化物体系,铬酥吡啶络合物(Collin's试剂),NBS氧气,单线态氧,氧化硒等。     

（±）—耳壳藻内脂全合成研究（I）

从柠檬醛出发，经环化，氰基化，烯丙位氧化，水解及环化还原等５步反应，合成了（±）－耳壳藻内酯（１）。     

Catalytic Allylic Oxidation of Alkenes Using an Asymmetric Kharasch-Sosnovsky Reaction

Kharasch and Sosnovsky reported the allylic oxidation of alkenes to give racemic allylic benzoates. This could be achieved efficiently using a tert-butyl perester as the oxidant, in the presence of a copper or cobalt salt. The use of C(2)-symmetric bis(oxazoline) ligands in the presence of copper(I) triflate with cyclic olefinic substrates gave the first synthetically useful asymmetric variant. The enantioselective control was good (up to 84 % ee) although yields were variable. In all cases the facial preference of the newly formed C-O bond was the same giving an S configuration at the allylic stereocenter. Lower stereocontrol was observed for large-ring alkenes and substantially reduced enantioselectivities were found with open-chain alkenes. This reaction has been further screened using a variety bis(oxazoline) and proline-derived ligands, which give a direct correlation between the chirality of the ligand and the enantioselectivity obtained. Individual substrates were found to be extremely sensitive to both the ligand structure and copper salt used as well as the presence of additives such as zinc, hydrazine, and molecular sieves.     

Chiral bipyridine–copper(I) complex-catalyzed enantioselective allylic oxidation of cyclic alkenes

Chiral copper(I)–bipyridine complexes were prepared and used as catalysts in the enantioselective allylic oxidation of cyclic alkenes with tert-butyl perbenzoate. The yields ranged from moderate to good and enantioselectivities up to 70% were observed.     

Highly enantioselective copper-bisoxazoline-catalyzed allylic oxidation of cyclic olefins with tert-butyl p-nitroperbenzoate

Catalytic asymmetric allylic oxidation of cyclic olefins ocurrs for the first time in very high (94-99% ee) enantioselectivity using copper(I) complexes of malonyl derived bisoxazolines and tert-butyl p-nitroperbenzoate giving allyl benzoates in moderate yield. The copper complex, 15 mol %, was used in acetonitrile at -20 degrees C over an extended period, 5-12 d, with excess olefin together with one equivalent of perester. The S-esters were generated in accord with the model proposed previously for the (S,S)-bisoxazoline ligand. An eta2 intermediate was ruled out using low-temperature 13C NMR with the complex in the presence of olefin.     

Recent advances in asymmetric copper allylic oxidation of olefins

This review deals with the recent advances in asymmetric copper allylic oxidation of olefins. An exhaustive analysis of the results has been realized showing the limitation of the different asymmetric catalytic systems used.     

Copper-catalyzed regioselective allylic oxidation of olefins via C–H activation

A regioselective oxidation of allylic C–H bond to C–O bond catalyzed by copper (I) was developed with diacyl peroxides as oxidants. The oxidation of allylic C–H bond was accomplished with good yield and regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. This method has a broad substrate scope including cyclic olefins, terminal and internal acyclic olefins and allyl benzene compounds. The reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism as suggested by spin trapping experiments.     

Cu(II) 2-quinoxalinol salen catalyzed oxidation of propargylic,benzylic, and allylic alcohols using tert-butyl hydroperoxide in aqueous solutions

The synthesis of carbonyl compounds by oxidation of alcohols is a key reaction in organic synthesis. Such oxidations are typically conducted using catalysts featuring toxic metals and hazardous organic solvents. Considering green and sustainable chemistry, a copper(II) complex of sulfonated 2-quinoxalinol salen (sulfosalqu) has been characterized as an efficient catalyst for the selective oxidation of propargylic, benzylic, and allylic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in water when in combination with the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The reactions proceed under mild conditions (70 °C in water) to produce yields up to 99% with only 1 mol % of catalyst loading. This reaction constitutes of a rare example of propargylic alcohol oxidation in water, and it makes this process greener by eliminating the use of hazardous organic solvents. Excellent selectivity was achieved with this catalytic protocol for the oxidation of propargylic, benzylic, and allylic alcohols over aliphatic alcohols. The alcohol oxidation is thought to go through a radical pathway.     

Selective aerobic oxidation of allylic and benzylic alcohols catalyzed by N-hydroxyindole and copper(I) chloride

In the presence of copper(I) chloride, tert-butyl 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate acted as a catalyst for the chemoselective aerobic oxidation of allylic and benzylic alcohols. A variety of primary and secondary allylic and benzylic alcohols were oxidized into the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in good yields without affecting non-allylic alcohols.     

Asymmetric allylic oxidation reactions catalyzed by a chiral nonracemic and C2-symmetric 2,2'-bipyridyl copper(I) complex

The evaluation of a chiral, nonracemic and C2-symmetric 2,2'-bipyridyl ligand in copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric allylic oxidation reactions of a series of cyclic alkenes with tert-butyl peroxybenzoate is reported (up to 91% ee, the highest reported enantioselectivity for a bipyridyl ligand copper(I) complex to date).     

Tuneable asymmetric copper-catalysed allylic amination and oxidation reactions

Asymmetric allylic amination or oxidation can be achieved by reaction of an alkene with a peroxycarbamate catalysed by a chiral copper bis-oxazoline complex, and the reaction can be tuned to give either the amination or oxidation product by reagent choice.     

Ligand‐Controlled Copper‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Difluoromethylation of Allylic Chlorides/Bromides and Propargyl Bromides

Highly regiodivergent copper‐catalyzed allylic/propargylic difluoromethylation reactions by employing different ligands are described. When 5,6‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline was used as the ligand, exclusively α‐difluoromethylated products were obtained, while γ‐selective difluoromethylated products were generated when N‐heterocyclic carbene‐SIPr was used as the ligand. Likewise, high α‐ vs. γ‐selectivities were achieved in the presence of similar copper catalysts for the reactions of propargyl bromides. Moreover, a copper‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic difluoromethylation reaction with moderate to good enantioselectivity by the use of chiral ligands was developed.