微流控纸芯片的加工及其分析应用的实验设计*

设计了一个使用喷墨打印法加工微流控纸芯片的实验,在经烷基烯酮二聚体(AKD)的正己烷溶液浸泡过的滤纸上,以三乙醇胺溶液为打印墨水,用喷墨打印机打印出设计好的芯片图案。滤纸加热后,打印区域呈现亲水性,非打印区域为疏水性,从而制备出纸芯片,用该纸芯片通过数字比色法实现了亚硝酸根离子的定量测定。该实验不使用昂贵仪器设备,易普及。通过实验,促使学生了解微流控芯片这一前沿科学技术,锻炼学生细致、灵巧的动手能力,激发学生科技创新活力。     

石墨烯负载的氧配位钴单原子稳定金属锂负极

Lithium (Li)-based batteries are the dominant energy source for consumer electronics, grid storage, and electrified transportation. However, the development of batteries based on graphite anodes is hindered by their limited energy density. With its ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3860 mAh∙g⁻¹), low redox potential (−3.04 V), and satisfactorily low density (0.54 g∙cm⁻³), Li metal is the most promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. Unfortunately, the limited cycling life and safety issues raised by dendrite growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and "dead Li" have inhibited their practical use. An effective strategy is to develop a suitable lithiophilic matrix for regulating initial Li nucleation behavior and controlling subsequent Li growth. Herein, single-atom cobalt coordinated to oxygen sites on graphene (Co-O-G SA) is demonstrated as a Li plating substrate to efficiently regulate Li metal nucleation and growth. Owing to its dense and more uniform lithiophilic sites than single-atom cobalt coordinated to nitrogen sites on graphene (Co-N-G SA), high electronic conductivity, and high specific surface area (519 m²∙g⁻¹), Co-O-G SA could significantly reduce the local current density and promote the reversibility of Li plating and stripping. As a result, the Co-O-G SA based Li anodes exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at a current density of 1 mA∙cm⁻² with a capacity of 1 mAh∙cm⁻², and excellent rate capability (high current density of 8 mA∙cm⁻²). Even at a high plating capacity of 6 mAh∙cm⁻², the Co-O-G SA electrode could stably cycle for an ultralong lifespan of 1300 h. In the symmetric battery, the Co-O-G SA based Li anode (Co-O-G SA/Li) possessed a stable voltage profile of 18 mV for 780 h at 1 mA∙cm⁻², and even at a high current density of 3 mA∙cm⁻², its overpotential maintained a small hysteresis of approximately 24 mV for > 550 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that the surface of Co-O-G SA had a stronger interaction with Li atoms with a larger binding energy, −3.1 eV, than that of Co-N-G SA (−2.5 eV), leading to a uniform distribution of metallic Li on the Co-O-G SA surface. More importantly, when matched with a sulfur cathode, the resulting Co-O-G SA/lithium sulfur full batteries exhibited a high capacity of 1002 mAh∙g⁻¹, improved kinetics with a small polarization of 191 mV, and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.036% per cycle for 1000 cycles at 0.5C (1C = 1675 mA∙g⁻¹) with a steady Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. Therefore, this work provides novel insights into the coordination environment of single atoms for the chemistry of Li metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries.     

GGA+U法研究稀土(La、Ce、Pr、Nd)掺杂对ZnO电子结构和光学性质的影响

基于GGA+U的第一性原理方法,分析了La、Ce、Pr、Nd四种元素掺杂的ZnO结构,对晶体的结构、电子结构和光学性质进行了对比分析.由键布局分析可知,掺杂体系Zn-O键共价性的强弱与杂质掺入原子的序数成正比.掺杂后体系的类型仍为直接跃迁,能级整体下移;随着Pr、Nd掺入,出现了杂质能级,这是由稀土元素的4f电子态所导致.在光学性质方面,掺杂体系的吸收系数、静介电常数都比纯ZnO的高,体系的吸收边都向低能方向移动,其中Zn7LaO8的红移程度最高、静介电常数最大,说明其光催化能力和极化能力都最强.     

高维多项式理想的实根计算

研究高维多项式理想实根的计算。对于给定的高维多项式理想,首先通过一个典范同态映射将其转化为扩张多项式环中的零维理想。基于零维实根是实极大理想的交集的结论,该扩张理想的实根可以在新的多项式环中计算。最后,通过理想的收缩,把实根收缩回原多项式环,便可得到高维多项式理想的实根。     

基于内聚力模型的快速荷载下CFRP-混凝土界面剪切剥离模拟

鉴于纤维增强复合材料(Fiber Reinforced Polymer, FRP)已在混凝土结构加固中普遍应用, 能有效提高结构的承载和变形能力. 为揭示动载作用下FRP-混凝土界面的剥离机理, 本文基于ABAQUS平台, 采用内聚力模型模拟CFRP-混凝土界面层, 实现了快速荷载下CFRP-混凝土界面剥离的高效模拟. 结果表明: CFRP表面应变在加载过程中由加载端向自由端方向传递, 随着加载速率的提高, 界面承载能力也随之提高; 界面峰值剪应力也存在显著的应变率效应; 模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合, 说明了新方法的有效性.     

有限群共轭类长度的一点注记

假设G=AB是子群A和B的互相置换积。通过A?B中元素的共轭类长度给出了群G的结构，推广了一些最近的结论。     

零气耗空气除湿实验研究

针对有热再生式压缩空气除湿装置在再生及冷吹过程中产生气耗的缺点,运用喷射器及恒压变温吸附再生原理设计了一种零气耗空气除湿工艺流程。在搭建小型实验台的基础上,通过改变喷射器引射率进行实验研究三种工况条件下活性氧化铝的吸附再生性能。实验结果表明:实验全过程能够保持一个相对稳定且有效的恒压变温吸附再生条件,且出口空气露点达到生产要求;随着喷射率的降低,吸附剂再生效果逐渐下降,而吸附效果逐渐上升。引射率为0.5时的再生时间约为引射率0.75的1.85倍,再生速率约为0.51倍。而引射率0.33,引射率0.5的吸附效率分别为引射率0.75的1.04倍,1.11倍,吸附稳定时间1.11倍,2.22倍。     

足绑式行人导航偏航角误差自观测算法（英文）

基于低成本MEMS惯性传感器的足绑式惯性导航系统(INS)和零速修正(ZUPT)算法广泛应用于行人导航中。由于MEMS惯性传感器零漂误差较大,零速修正时偏航角误差的可观测性差,INS偏航角误差不能被有效约束,成为行人导航的主要误差源。行人徒步行走特别是在室内楼道等结构化道路上行走时,行走的轨迹大多情况下可认为是近似直线,基于这个事实,提出了一种减小偏航角误差的算法,称为偏航角误差自观测(YESO)算法。当判定行人以近似直线徒步行走时,由行走轨迹计算出的航向角可近似认为是一个常值,那么由于各种误差引起该航向角发生变化时,可以将该变化量作为足绑式INS偏航角误差的观测量,进一步可利用卡尔曼滤波器估计出偏航角误差,对足绑式INS的偏航角进行校准。在室内楼道进行了约350 m的现场实验,实验验证了YESO算法的有效性。实验结果表明,当分别采用ZUPT和ZUPT+YSEO算法进行导航解算时,航向角误差从-29°减小到-2°,南北向最大位置误差从-35.5 m减小到-5.2 m。YESO算法的实现仅依靠系统自身的信息,没有增加额外的传感器,算法具有很好的工程实用价值并能方便地推广应用于车辆导航等领域。     

基于虚拟中心电流法的 HL-2M快控电源数学模型

针对中国环流器2号M(HL-2M)装置中用于核聚变物理实验等离子体的垂直不稳定性控制的快控电源拓扑结构，充分考虑线圈的自感与互感对输出的影响，构建出数学模型，首次提出并运用虚拟中心电流法，使得控制算法更加简单，采用多输入多输出的控制方法，利用2个参量控制3个变量。本文基于基本供电方案得到多线圈耦合电压，基于快控电源拓扑推导出快控电源电路方程，再将其合并得到最终的线圈电压数学模型，最后进行仿真验证。结果表明数学模型搭建正确，为今后进行进一步计算提供了坚实的基础。