微波水解衍生高效液相色谱法测定饲料中的氨基酸

建立了一种微波水解衍生高效液相色谱同时测定饲料中17种氨基酸含量的方法。采用2,4-二硝基氯苯作为柱前衍生试剂,利用C_(18)色谱柱分离。二极管阵列检测器进行检测,检测波长为360 nm,并对微波水解时间及温度进行优化。17种氨基酸在2.5~50 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.990 7~0.999 9;相对标准偏差为0.88%~4.2%;加标回收率为90.6%~107.2%;检出限为0.15~2.37 mg/L。研究结果表明,150℃下微波水解16 min的结果与传统加热水解(110℃,24 h)的效果基本相同。该方法分析时间较短,灵敏度较高,可用于饲料中氨基酸含量的检测。     

全自动免疫亲和在线净化/高效液相色谱法快速高通量测定饲料中黄曲霉毒素

建立了全自动免疫亲和在线净化/高效液相色谱快速高通量测定饲料中黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AFT)的分析方法。饲料样品经乙腈-水(80∶20,体积比)提取,3 g/L Triton X-100水溶液10倍稀释后,用自动进样器注入RIDACREST在线固相萃取系统并流经黄曲霉毒素免疫亲和小柱,以甲醇-水(45∶55,体积比)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,C18色谱柱(150 mm×3.5 mm,5μm)分离,光化学衍生,荧光检测器测定。根据3倍信噪比的峰响应值,确定黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2的检出限分别为0.08,0.05,0.18,0.08μg/kg,分别在1~100,0.24~24,0.56~56,0.24~24μg/kg范围内呈线性相关,相关系数(r2)分别为0.999 4,0.999 7,0.999 8和0.999 8;AFT在猪饲料、鸡饲料、宠物饲料和饲料原料4类样品中的加标回收率为72.6%~103%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~4.9%。该方法一次装柱可检测60个样品,液相色谱分析一个样品总的运行时间为15 min,所以1 d可检测70~80个样品,满足饲料中黄曲霉毒素快速高通量准确定量检测的需要。     

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed,Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011–2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.     

Molecular Architecture Manipulation in Free Radical Copolymerization: An Advanced Monte Carlo Approach to Screening Copolymer Chains with Various Comonomer Sequence Arrangements

A Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation approach has been adopted in this study to capture evolutionary events in the course of free radical copolymerization, through which batch and starved‐feed semibatch processes are compared. The implementation of the KMC code deve­loped in this work: (i) enables satisfactory control of the molecular weight of the copolymer by tracking the profiles of concentrations of macroradicals, monomers, and polymer as well as degree of polymerization, polydispersity, and chain length distribution; (ii) captures the bivariate distribution of chain length and copolymer composition; (iii) comprehensively tracks and analyzes detailed information on the molecular architecture of the growing chains, thus distinguishing between sequence length and polydispersity of chains produced in batch and starved‐feed semibatch operations; (iv) makes possible the screening of products, based on such details as the number and weight fractions of products having different comonomer units located at various positions along the copolymer chains. The aforementioned characteristics are achieved by stochastic calculations through code developed in‐house. This KMC simulator becomes a very useful tool for the development of tailored copolymers through free radical polymerization, with blocks separated with single units of a different type.

     

杂质吸附型净化结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定谷物和动物饲料中37种霉菌毒素

建立了谷物和动物饲料中霉菌毒素的高效、快速前处理方法,可同时提取和净化样品中37种理化性质差异较大的霉菌毒素,并采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）进行定性和定量分析。样品粉碎处理后,经84%（体积分数,下同）乙腈水（含0.1%甲酸）溶液振荡提取20 min,MLJ-1杂质吸附型固相萃取柱净化。目标物在BEH RP18色谱柱上分离,以0.1 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（含0.1%甲酸）和甲醇溶液（含0.1%甲酸）作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱采用电喷雾正、负离子模式和多反应监测模式进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,本方法可在1 min内完成样品净化处理,15 min内完成37种目标化合物的分离分析。37种目标物在各自线性范围内线性关系良好,基质匹配标准曲线的相关系数均大于0.98。除伏马毒素外的所有目标化合物在4个添加水平下的回收率介于80%~120%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）<20%（n=5）,方法定量限为2~40 μg/kg,能够满足《饲料卫生标准》判定要求。该方法操作简单、快速、准确,适合谷物和动物饲料中多种霉菌毒素同步筛查和确证检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饲料中的游离棉酚

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)定量测定饲料中棉酚残留的分析方法。待测物经丙酮-水(7∶3)混合溶液振荡提取,C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5μm)分离,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,串联质谱测定,外标法定量。方法的定量下限(S/N10)为1 mg/kg;棉酚在10~100μg/L质量浓度范围内,线性相关系数为0.993。以1、20、40 mg/kg浓度进行加标后测得平均回收率为83.8%~97.5%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~5.2%。该方法操作简单、回收率稳定,可用于饲料中棉酚残留的快速确证及定量分析。     

农产品与饲料中T-2毒素免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱串联质谱检测技术研究

利用T-2毒素单克隆抗体2G7和CNBr活化的Sepharose 4B研制出T-2免疫亲和柱,考察了T-2免疫亲和柱的最佳应用条件。利用免疫亲和柱,建立了农产品与饲料中T-2毒素免疫亲和柱净化/液相色谱-串联质谱(IAC/LC-MS/MS)确证性检测技术,并考察该方法的准确度和精密度。结果表明,T-2毒素在0.5~500.0 ng/g范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 7,检出限为0.05 ng/g,定量下限为0.17 ng/g。大米、玉米、饲料样品在T-2毒素10,50,100 ng/g的加标水平下,回收率为92.9%~109.7%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~8.3%。对市售36份农产品与饲料样品进行测定,检测结果的相对标准偏差均小于10.0%。     

QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饲料中的18种β-兴奋剂

建立了饲料中克仑特罗、莱克多巴胺、喷布特罗、妥布特罗等18种β-兴奋剂的QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱的检测方法。饲料样品加水分散后经4%(v/v)氨水乙腈提取,加入25 mg十八烷基硅烷(C18)和50mg N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)吸附剂分散固相萃取净化后,以高效液相色谱-串联质谱进行定性和定量分析。采用Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18(50 mm×4.6 mm,1.8μm)分析柱,以甲醇-0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,串联质谱在多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式下进行检测,基质外标法定量。结果表明,18种待测物在质量浓度为5~200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9912~0.9995;在0.05、0.1、0.5 mg/kg 3个浓度加标水平下,饲料中18种β-兴奋剂的平均回收率为78.4%~107.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.5%~12.3%,定量限(以信噪比≥10计)均为0.05 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏,前处理简单,可作为饲料中克仑特罗等18种β-兴奋剂筛选和确认的检测方法。     

肉牛饲料添加剂中铅含量的测定

利用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS),测定了硫酸铜、硫酸锌、膨润土、米糠、氧化锌、菜渣、盐等7种肉牛饲料添加剂中铅(Pb)元素的含量.各添加剂的加标回收率在98%-108%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.3%,具有良好的准确度和精确度.结果表明,试验中所测的硫酸铜、硫酸锌、氧化锌添加剂中铅含量严重超出国家标准.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定饲料添加剂阿散酸中的阿散酸及掺假物质对氨基苯磺酸

建立了用于饲料添加剂阿散酸质量控制的反相高效液相色谱法。采用的色谱条件: Waters Bondapak C18柱(150 mm×4 mm, 5 μm)分离,以甲醇-水(用稀磷酸调节pH至2.9) (1:4, v/v)作流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,紫外检测波长为244 nm。在优化的色谱条件下,阿散酸和掺假物质对氨基苯磺酸在3 min内实现了基线分离。阿散酸和对氨基苯磺酸的线性范围均为5～200 mg/L,检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.20 mg/L和0.15 mg/L。该方法简便快速,适合饲料添加剂阿散酸的分析以及监测对氨基苯磺酸掺假。