磁性三维氮掺杂碳纳米材料对6种双酚类化合物的吸附性能及其在泡腾分散微萃取中的应用

采用简单高温煅烧法成功制备了磁性钴镍基氮掺杂三维碳纳米管与石墨烯复合材料(CoNi@NGC),将其作为吸附剂用于水体中6种双酚类化合物(BPs)的吸附性能和机理研究。将CoNi@NGC复合纳米材料用作萃取介质,运用酸碱泡腾片的CO₂强力分散作用,开发了泡腾反应强化的分散固相微萃取前处理方法,结合高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)快速定量饮料中痕量BPs。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、傅里叶红外光谱、氮气吸脱附、X射线光电子能谱和磁滞回线等技术手段对材料形貌结构进行表征,结果显示:该吸附剂成功实现氮元素的掺杂,且具有较大的比表面积(109.42 m²/g)、丰富的孔径及较强的磁性(17.98 emu/g)。吸附剂投加量、pH、温度、时间等因子优化试验表明:当pH=7,在初始质量浓度为5 mg/L的BPs混合溶液中投加5 mg CoNi@NGC, 298 K反应5 min,对双酚M(BPM)、双酚A(BPA)的吸附率分别高达99.01%和98.21%。作用90 min时对双酚Z(BPZ)、BPA、BPM的吸附率近100%。在吸附过程中,BPs与CoNi@NGC之间的整个吸附过程主要受氢键、静电作用和π-π共轭作用共同控制。整个吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附等温线模型和准二级动力学方程,吸附自发进行。进一步将CoNi@NGC作为萃取介质制备成磁性泡腾片,利用泡腾分散微萃取技术高效富集和提取6种盒装饮料中的BPs,优化了影响富集效果的泡腾片的存在与否、洗脱剂种类、洗脱时间、洗脱体积等关键因子,在最佳萃取条件下(pH=7,投加5 mg CoNi@NGC, 2 mL丙酮洗脱6 min),结合HPLC-FLD,新开发的泡腾分散微萃取方法提供的检出限为0.06~0.20 μg/L,定量限为0.20~0.66 μg/L,日内和日间精密度分别为1.44%~4.76%和1.69%~5.36%,在实际样品中不同水平下的加标回收率为82.4%~103.7%,在桃汁中检测到BPA和双酚B(BPB)分别为2.09 μg/L和1.37 μg/L。再生试验表明该吸附材料至少可以重复使用5次以上,显著降低了分析的试验成本。与其他方法相比,该方法具有灵敏度高、萃取速度快、环境友好等优点,在常规食品污染监测中具有较强的应用价值。     

Dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry as a selective extraction and cleanup technique for the quantification of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone in edible oils

A novel, cost-efficient method for the analytical extraction of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) from edible oils by dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry (DCHC) was developed and validated for its application with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). ZON is extracted from the edible oil by hydrazone formation on a polymer resin functionalised with hydrazine groups and subsequently released by hydrolysis. Specifity and precision of this approach are superior to liquid partitioning or gel permeation chromatography (GPC). DCHC also extracts zearalanone (ZAN) but not α-/β-zearalenol or -zearalanol. The hydrodynamic properties of ZON, which were estimated using molecular simulation data, indicate that the compound is unaffected by nanofiltration through the resin pores and thus selectively extracted. The method's levels of detection and quantification are 10 and 30 μg/kg, using 0.2 g of sample. Linearity is given in the range of 10–20,000 μg/kg, the average recovery being 89%. Bias and relative standard deviations do not exceed 7%. In a sample survey of 44 commercial edible oils based on various agricultural commodities (maize, olives, nuts, seeds, etc.) ZON was detected in four maize oil samples, the average content in the positive samples being 99 μg/kg. The HPLC-FLD results were confirmed by HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry and compared to those obtained by a liquid partitioning based sample preparation procedure.     

丹磺酰肼衍生-高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定包装纸中的甲醛和乙醛

建立了丹磺酰肼(DNSH)衍生-高效液相色谱-荧光检测测定包装纸中甲醛和乙醛的分析方法,并与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)衍生法进行了比较。纸张样品经衍生化试剂振荡萃取30 min,衍生化反应24 h,萃取液经PSA/C18净化管净化处理后,以Diamonsil~ C18(2)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为固定相,用醋酸水溶液(pH2.55)-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱。采用荧光检测器检测,激发波长为330 nm,发射波长为484 nm。结果表明,衍生剂、甲醛-DNSH和乙醛-DNSH在20 min内可完全分离,方法的加标回收率为81.64%~106.78%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.02%~5.53%(n=5),甲醛和乙醛的检出限分别为19.2μg/kg和20.7μg/kg,定量限分别为63.9μg/kg和69.1μg/kg。该法操作简单,灵敏度高,比常规方法具有更低的检出限,能很好地应用到实际样品检测中,为低含量醛类化合物的检测提供了一种新思路。     

超分子溶剂直提测定水中的多环芳烃

超分子溶剂是两亲化合物通过分子间有序的自组装过程形成的具有纳米结构的胶束聚集体,是一种高效提取溶剂。该文以高效液相色谱-荧光检测法为测试手段,系统地对超分子溶剂组成及用量进行了优化,发展了一种直接提取、快速测定水中多环芳烃的方法,并进行了方法学验证及实际样品检测。结果表明,采用四氢呋喃和1-辛醇制备的超分子溶剂对4种多环芳烃的回收率为89.08%~102.47%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.38%~3.92%。4种多环芳烃在一定范围内线性关系良好(相关系数R~20.999),检出限为1.26~9.23 ng/L。该方法前处理过程简单,有利于实现快速分析;溶剂使用量少,符合绿色化学的发展趋势,具有一定的推广价值。     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测器法测定2-噁唑烷酮的含量

建立一种利用高效液相色谱结合荧光检测器准确测定2-噁唑烷酮含量的方法。样品中的2-噁唑烷酮和占吨氢醇在60℃的条件下衍生70 min后,直接进样分析。采用月旭XB-C18色谱柱,流动相为0.02 mol/L乙酸钠水溶液和乙腈,检测器波长为λex=213 nm,λem=308 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温35℃的条件下。2-噁唑烷酮浓度在0.5~50.0mg/mL时,线性关系良好(R2=0.9995),检测限和定量限分别为0.005 mg/L、0.016 mg/L。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,适用于2-噁唑烷酮含量的检测。     

A new multiresponse optimization approach in combination with a D-Optimal experimental design for the determination of biogenic amines in fish by HPLC-FLD

A new strategy to approach multiresponse optimization in conjunction to a D-optimal design for simultaneously optimizing a large number of experimental factors is proposed. The procedure is applied to the determination of biogenic amines (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, spermine and spermidine) in swordfish by HPLC-FLD after extraction with an acid and subsequent derivatization with dansyl chloride. Firstly, the extraction from a solid matrix and the derivatization of the extract are optimized. Ten experimental factors involved in both stages are studied, seven of them at two levels and the remaining at three levels; the use of a D-optimal design leads to optimize the ten experimental variables, significantly reducing by a factor of 67 the experimental effort needed but guaranteeing the quality of the estimates. A model with 19 coefficients, which includes those corresponding to the main effects and two possible interactions, is fitted to the peak area of each amine. Then, the validated models are used to predict the response (peak area) of the 3456 experiments of the complete factorial design. The variability among peak areas ranges from 13.5 for 2-phenylethylamine to 122.5 for spermine, which shows, to a certain extent, the high and different effect of the pretreatment on the responses. Then the percentiles are calculated from the peak areas of each amine. As the experimental conditions are in conflict, the optimal solution for the multiresponse optimization is chosen from among those which have all the responses greater than a certain percentile for all the amines. The developed procedure reaches decision limits down to 2.5 μg L⁻¹ for cadaverine or 497 μg L⁻¹ for histamine in solvent and 0.07 mg kg⁻¹ and 14.81 mg kg⁻¹ in fish (probability of false positive equal to 0.05), respectively.     

pH-controlled dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the analysis of ionisable compounds in complex matrices: Case study of ochratoxin A in cereals

A new sample preparation procedure, termed pH-controlled dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (pH-DLLME), has been developed for the analysis of ionisable compounds in highly complex matrices. This DLLME mode, intended to improve the selectivity and to expand the application range of DLLME, is based on two successive DLLMEs conducted at opposite pH values. pH-DLLME was applied to determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in cereals. The hydrophobic matrix interferences in the raw methanol extract (disperser, 1 mL) were removed by a first DLLME (I DLLME) performed at pH 8 to reduce the solubility of OTA in the extractant (CCl₄, 400 μL). The pH of the aqueous phase was then adjusted to 2, and the analyte was extracted and concentrated by a second DLLME (extractant, 150 μL C₂H₄Br₂). The main factors influencing the efficiency of pH-DLLME including type and volume of I DLLME extractant, as well as the parameters affecting the OTA extraction by II DLLME, were studied in detail. Under optimum conditions, the method has detection and quantification limits of 0.019 and 0.062 μg kg⁻¹, respectively, with OTA recoveries in the range of 81.2–90.1% (n = 3). The accuracy of the analytical procedure, evaluated with a reference material (cereal naturally contaminated with OTA), is acceptable (accuracy of 85.6% ± 1.7, n = 5).     

Development and Validation of an SPE-HPLC-FL Method for the Determination of Anatoxin-a in Water and Trout (Oncorhincus mykiss)

Anatoxin-a is a neurotoxic alkaloid which is produced by various cyanobacteria genera and it is highly toxic to animals. Anatoxin-a risk evaluation is not fully determined yet. Therefore, it is imperative to implement detection and quantification methods in the various possible matrices. The recent worldwide shortage of acetonitrile, as well as environmental reasons, demand an urgent alternative to this high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mobile phase solvent. This work describes an internal study that validated the measuring method of anatoxin-a in water and lyophilized trout matter by means of HPLC with fluorimetric detection (FLD) utilizing methanol as mobile phase.     

Multi-Matrix Approach for the Analysis of Bicalutamide Residues in Oncology Centers by HPLC–FLD

Cytostatics are toxic pharmaceuticals, whose presence in surfaces puts healthcare workers at risk. These drugs might also end up in hospital effluents (HWW), potentially damaging aquatic ecosystems. Bicalutamide is a cytostatic extensively consumed worldwide, but few analytical methods exist for its quantification and most of them require advanced techniques, such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which are very complex and expensive for large monitoring studies. Therefore, a simple but reliable multi-matrix high performance liquid chromatographic method, with fluorescence detection, was developed and validated to rapidly screen abnormal concentrations of bicalutamide in HWW and relevant contamination levels of bicalutamide in indoor surfaces (>100 pg/cm²), prior to confirmation by LC-MS. The method presents good linearity and relatively low method detection limits (HWW: 0.14 ng/mL; surfaces: 0.28 pg/cm²). Global uncertainty was below 20% for concentrations higher than 25 ng/mL (HWW) and 50 pg/cm² (surfaces); global uncertainty was little affected by the matrix. Therefore, a multi-matrix assessment could be achieved with this method, thus contributing to a holistic quantification of bicalutamide along the cytostatic circuit. Bicalutamide was not detected in any of the grab samples from a Portuguese hospital, but an enlarged sampling is required to conclude about its occurrence and exposure risks.     

Determination of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages: an interlaboratory study to compare HPLC-FLD with GC-MS methods

An international interlaboratory study on the determination of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages by a new HPLC-FLD and by the official GC-MS methods is presented. The aim of this study was to improve the knowledge about precision and accuracy parameters of the new method and to compare the performance of both HPLC and GC methods. Five different samples representing table wines, fortified wines (red and white), distilled spirits, and wine spirits were available for analysis by each participant. Despite the low number of participants (6), the results obtained by the laboratories using the HPLC-FLD method are comparable to those obtained by GC-MS methods. The present study emphasizes the possibility to use, as routine, a much simpler analytical method than the current reference method by GC-MS for ethyl carbamate determination in alcoholic beverages.