2,2-双(4-氯-2-氟苄基)丙二酸二乙酯的晶体结构和密度泛函理论研究

标题化合物是一个重要的精细化工中间体,可用于制备嘧啶类、吡唑类等产品。本文利用红外光谱(IR)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(¹³C NMR)和X-射线单晶衍射对此化合物进行了表征,并在B3LYP/6-311G(d, p)模式下使用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了此化合物的最稳定晶体结构以及最高占有分子轨道(HOMO)和最低占有分子轨道(LUMO)能量。结果表明,通过DFT优化的分子结构与X-射线单晶衍射确定的晶体结构基本一致,该化合物属于单斜方P2(1)/n空间群,晶胞参数为:a=1.563 9(10) nm, b=0.778 6(4) nm, c=1.838 2(10) nm,Z=4, ρ_c＝1.345 g·cm^-3,R=0.047 7,R_w=0.138 7。     

Lewis酸催化纤维素制乳酸机理研究

Because fossil fuels are continuously depleted, valorization of biomass into valuable liquid products and chemicals is of great significance yet it remains challenging. Among many biomass-derived products, lactic acid is one of the most important renewable monomers for preparing the degradable polymer polylactic acid. The use of raw biomass to produce lactic acid through catalytic conversion is an attractive approach. In this work, the catalytic reaction performance and mechanism of different Lewis acids (Y³⁺, Sc³⁺, and Al³⁺) for the production of lactic acid from cellulose were investigated in detail by isotopic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The production of lactic acid from cellulose includes tandem and competing reactions. The order of catalytic activity for the one-pot conversion of cellulose into lactic acid is as follows: Y³⁺ > Al³⁺ > Sc³⁺. The main tandem reactions involve the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, the isomerization of glucose into fructose (the order of catalytic activity, the same below: Y³⁺ > Al³⁺, Y³⁺ > Sc³⁺), the cleavage of fructose via a retro-aldol reaction to glyceraldehyde (GLY) and 1, 3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) (Sc³⁺ > Y³⁺ > Al³⁺), and the conversion of DHA or GLY to the final product lactic acid (Al³⁺ > Y³⁺ > Sc³⁺). It was found that the process of glucose isomerization to fructose was the key step to the final selectivity of the tandem reaction of cellulose conversion to lactic acid, and it was clarified that the production of lactic acid from DHA underwent a keto-enol (K-E) tautomerization process rather than a classical 1, 2-shift process. First, DHA was transformed into GLY via the isomerization process, then the adjacent hydroxyl group of GLY was removed in the form of water to produce an α, β-unsaturated species. After that, the α, β-unsaturated species underwent K-E tautomerization to generate unsaturated aldehyde-ketone intermediates. Meanwhile, a molecule of water was added to aldehyde-ketone intermediates to obtain a diol product, the hydrogen atom at the methine position was transferred and the lactic acid was finally obtained through the K-E tautomerization process. The in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism presented in this work will help to design more selective catalysts for cellulose conversion into value-added oxygen-containing small molecule chemicals.      

纳米片层Sn-Beta分子筛催化1,3-二羟基丙酮制备乳酸甲酯的研究

乳酸及其衍生物是一类非常重要的有机化工中间品,其作为一种生物质能市场潜力巨大,因此为其寻找一条更加绿色、高效的生产路线具有重要意义。本文通过预制备的分子筛导向剂和表面活性剂在水热条件下合成分子筛前体,而后经酸处理和干法浸渍引入活性金属中心,从而制成一种具有独特的“花瓣”状纳米片层结构的Sn-Beta分子筛(Sn-Beta-NS)。SnBeta-NS在以1,3-二羟基丙酮为原料制备乳酸甲酯的反应中,在接近室温(40℃)的条件下即可催化取得优异的催化活性：仅5h 1,3-二羟基丙酮转化率可达98%,乳酸甲酯的收率就可达94%,其选择性可达96%。该催化剂性能明显优于传统水热合成的Sn-Beta分子筛。Sn-BetaNS还具有优异的循环性能：经4次循环使用后,收率和转化率均下降小于1%,没有出现明显的失活现象。这些优异的催化性能和循环性能的原因正是由于该分子筛独特的的纳米片层结构。     

嗜热古细菌Sulfolobus tokodaii脱卤酶在D-乳酸生产中的应用

将来源于嗜热古菌Sulfolobus tokodaii的脱卤酶(L-HADST)基因克隆到载体p ET28b,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行表达,在蛋白的N末端带有6个组氨酸融合标签,纯化后经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示融合蛋白的分子量约为25000.融合蛋白催化2-氯丙酸(2-CPA)的最适反应温度为70℃,最适p H值为9.5.以外消旋2-CPA为底物生产D-乳酸,利用HPLC检测反应液中2-CPA及乳酸的变化,发现L-HADST只催化L-2-CPA脱氯反应.对酶催化反应条件进行了优化,结果表明,在p H值为9.5,温度为60℃的条件下,当反应体系中缓冲液浓度为3 mol/L,底物浓度为0.5 mol/L,酶浓度为3×104U/L时有较高的底物转化率及乳酸生成量.依据条件优化结果可知,影响反应速度的因素有底物浓度、缓冲液浓度以及酶浓度,其中底物浓度变化对转换率的影响最明显.     

分子筛超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/USY催化合成胡萝卜酸乙酯的研究

以USY分子筛为载体,采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备分子筛超强酸SO42-/Ti O2/USY,用其催化丙二酸、无水乙醇合成胡萝卜酸乙酯。考察了不同反应时间、带水剂种类、带水剂用量、醇酸比、催化剂用量、催化剂重复使用性等因素对反应酯化率的影响。结果表明:在丙二酸用量为0.1mol,醇酸摩尔比为3.1:1,催化剂用量为1.0g,反应时间为3h,带水剂环已烷用量为5m L时,酯化率达到92.13%,催化剂重复使用5次以后仍然有很高的活性。说明SO42-/Ti O2/USY对该反应具有很强且极稳定的催化活性。     

碳纳米管-聚丙烯酸乙酯复合乳液的制备及其润滑性能研究

采用乳液聚合方法合成了碳纳米管一聚丙烯酸乙酯(CNTs—PEA)复合乳液;采用JEM100XI型透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了复合乳液的微观形貌;采用MQ-800型四球摩擦磨损试验机和MM-200型环一块摩擦磨损试验机考察了CNTs—PEA复合乳液作为水基润滑添加剂的摩擦学性能;并采用JSM-35型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了磨斑表面．结果表明,CNTs—PEA复合乳液在极低浓度下即可有效地提高水基液的承载能力和抗磨性能．     

水介质中ATRP法制备PDMAEMA及其温敏性

在30℃下以溴化亚铜-溴化铜混合物为催化剂,五甲基二乙烯三胺(PMDETA)为配体,在水介质中利用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)合成聚合度达到300的聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)。核磁共振结果显示,聚合反应符合一级反应动力学描述。利用紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)表征该聚合物的温敏性,结果表明,随着PDMAEMA聚合物链长的增加,其最低临界溶解温度(LCST)可降低至31.4℃。     

氨基磺酸/浓硫酸协同催化合成羧酸乙酯

以肉桂酸和无水乙醇为原料、廉价的氨基磺酸/浓硫酸为协同催化剂、环己烷为带水剂,合成了肉桂乙酯,收率90.0%。反应的优化条件为:氨基磺酸/浓硫酸/肉桂酸/无水乙醇=1.9/1/9.1/31.8(物质的量之比),时间3 h。利用该优化条件,共合成了9种羧酸乙酯,包括芳香酸、脂肪酸、二元酸、不饱和酸的乙酯。该法突出的优点有:催化剂价廉易得且可重复使用、产率高、后处理简便。