例谈学生数学运算能力的培养和提升

随着高考改革的持续推进,对学生的教育越来越侧重基本素养的培养和关键能力的形成.数学学科的核心素养主要体现在六个方面,它们是相辅相成、有机而又统一的,从中体现出学生的价值取向、完备的品格和数学关键能力.其中,数学运算和数据分析都与数据有关,是数学学习不可或缺的关键能力,高考试题中也越来越侧重对学生数学运算的考查,试题情境化,数据多元化,侧重学生关键能力的体现.所以,在对学生的培养过程中,要加强对数学运算素养的重视程度,让学生养成良好的数据处理习惯,形成科学的运算法则体系,获取优秀的运算思维,进而能准确得出运算结果.本文中结合部分数学运算问题的处理来进行探讨.     

气相分子吸收光谱法在地表水氨氮监测中的应用北大核心CSCD

气相分子吸收光谱法测定环境地表水中氨氮含量的标准方法研究还不全面,因此考察了水样的保存、亚硝酸盐、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、I^(-)、硫化物对其测定结果的影响.结果表明,采集地表水样后立即加入硫酸使水样酸化至pH<2,密闭,可延长样品保存时间至7 d,但尽量在24 h内进行测定;气相分子吸收光谱法测定氨氮水样时,当亚硝酸盐含量较高时,在氨氮除亚氮功能模式下已不能消除干扰,必须在水样分析前采用加热煮沸或预蒸馏前处理方式;水中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、25倍以下质量浓度的I^(-)和10倍质量浓度以下的硫化物对气相分子吸收光谱法氨氮测定没有显著干扰.本方法的检出限(3.143s)为0.02 mg·L^(-1),按标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为94.7%~101%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.70%~4.7%.采用气相分子吸收光谱法分析标准样品,其测定结果均在标准样品认定值的允许偏差范围内.与纳氏试剂分光光度法的测定结果相比,预蒸馏-气相分子吸收光谱法具有更好的精密度和准确度.     

纳秒脉冲放电紫外光纤阵列检测与定位方法

峰化电容作为电磁脉冲模拟器中用于陡化脉冲输出的关键部件,在实际工程应用中易发生沿面放电和击穿现象,采用光电检测系统可对绝缘沿面放电现象进行有效分析。针对峰化电容器沿面放电监测的技术难题,研制了一套绝缘沿面放电过程光电检测系统,对绝缘沿面放电现象进行光电检测。首先提出了绝缘介质沿面放电过程光电探测系统的设计方案;其次,对系统的时延性能进行了评价;最后,完成了绝缘介质沿面放电过程定位实验,验证了光电探测系统的可行性。实验表明,该系统能够实现对放电区域的有效定位。     

辛基羟肟酸浮选氟碳铈矿机制研究

采用纯矿物浮选的方法,以松醇油为起泡剂,研究了氟碳铈矿在辛基羟肟酸钠为捕收剂体系下的浮选行为,在p H=7~11范围内,氟碳铈矿回收率大于96%,尤其在p H=9附近,氟碳铈矿的可浮性最好,回收率接近100%;采用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)手段进行作用机制研究,红外光谱表明,辛基羟肟酸钠在氟碳铈矿表面发生了化学吸附;XPS结果表明,氟碳铈矿表面可能只存在-C=O-RE-O-N-一种五元环螯合物;结合La3+和Ce3+离子溶液化学和氟碳铈矿浮选行为,推测La(OH)2+,La(OH)2+,Ce(OH)2+和Ce(OH)2+是存在于氟碳铈矿表面的浮选活性点,并推测了辛基羟肟酸在氟碳铈矿表面作用的模型。     

反对称分子动力学模型中的冻结概念（英文）

给出了反对称分子动力学模型(AMD)计算的50 Me V/nucleon112Sn+112Sn反应的分析结果。该研究是反对称分子动力学模型中统计冻结概念的部分研究结果。利用自洽法结合修正的Fisher模型,提取了发射源的温度和密度分别为T=(6.1±0.2)Me V,ρ/ρ0=0.69±0.03。通过与AMD模型计算的系统在时间演化过程中的最大密度比较,得出碎片发射源的密度远小于系统的最大密度。利用自洽法提取的温度和密度与35 Me V/nucleon的40Ca+40Ca反应系统及40 Me V/nucleon的64Zn+112Sn反应系统所提取的温度和密度非常接近。该结果表明反对称分子动力学模型中,系统在中等质量碎片形成时刻处于统计冻结体积。     

CM⁃Phos配体在钯催化交叉偶联反应中的应用

本文综合评述了近年来2-[2-(二环己膦基)苯基]-1-甲基-1H-吲哚(CM-Phos)膦配体及其衍生物在钯催化的交叉偶联反应中的应用, 主要根据不同种类的交叉偶联反应进行系统性分述, 并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

基于PXI总线的阵列探测器数据获取系统

描述了一种适用于阵列探测器的数据获取系统。系统基于PXI总线, 采用标准NIM插件作为前端电子学。系统软件采用C/C++语言编写, 在线分析通过调用ROOT类库实现, 系统运行在Linux操作系统下。多次测试结果表明, 系统稳定可靠, 单个ADC通道可以处理的最大事例率为40 kHz。A data acquisition system for array detectors is described. The system is based on PXI bus with standard NIM modules used as front\|end electronics. The system software is written in C/C++ language with its online analysis modules realized by ROOT class library. Several runs of the system under Linux show that it is reliable and is capable of handling event rates up to 40 k events/s for 1 ADC channel.     

利用GEANT4和FLUKA研究质子诱发散裂反应出射中子双微分截面

在中高能质子诱发散裂反应相关核工程设计中,可靠的蒙特卡罗模拟程序结合核反应理论模型具有较好的理论指导意义。本工作中,利用GEANT4耦合INCL4和ABLA理论模型以及FLUKA耦合PEANUT模型模拟计算了几百MeV至几个GeV质子轰击Be,Al,Fe,W,U等靶后30°,60°,120°,150°出射角产生的散裂中子双微分截面,并与现有实验数据进行了比较。结果发现,FLUKA和GEANT4模拟计算较好地再现了Al,Fe,W,U等靶实验测量数据。然而,模拟结果明显低估了Be靶出射中子能量小于10 MeV能区的实验数据。For the design of nuclear engineering related with medium-high energy proton induced spallation reaction,the reliable Monte Carlo simulation codes coupled with nuclear reaction models have a good theoretical guidance.In this work,the production spallation neutron double differential cross sections at 30°,60°,120°,150°emission angle for Be,Al,Fe,W,U target materials at incident proton energies between several hundred MeV and GeV are theoretically calculated by using the GEANT4 coupled INCL4 and ABLA,and the FLUKA coupled PEANUT.The calculated results were compared with the available experimental data.It is found that the GEANT4 and FLUKA calculations well reproduced the experimental measurement of Al,Fe,W,U target materials.However,calculations obviously underestimated the emission neutrons of Be target for lower than 10 MeV energy range.     

硅探测器的数字化脉冲形状甄别

介绍了利用硅探测器的脉冲形状甄别进行粒子鉴别的原理。详细叙述了基于数字化方法的脉冲形状甄别的实现。采样频率和位数是数字化方法的两个重要参数。对于硅探测器信号,采用100 MS/s,12 bit的Digitizer可以满足脉冲形状甄别法对时间分辨的要求。同时对该方法粒子鉴别的特征和能量阈值做了简要的分析和对比。粒子背面入射硅探测器的所得的阈值低于正面入射的情况。例如对于氖周围的同位素,背面入射情况的阈值约为100 MeV,为正面入射情况下鉴别阈值的二分之一,相当与ΔE-E方法中ΔE探测器厚度约为60 μm情况下的阈值。最后定性讨论了硅探测器的电阻率不均匀性和沟道效应对粒子鉴别性能的影响。In this paper Pulse Shape Discrimination(PSD) for silicon detector has been briefly introduced. The emerging digital method successfully applied to detector signal processing makes digital PSD method one of the most promising particle identification methods. Sampling frequency and the number of bits are two key parameters of digital method. For silicon detector signal, adopting 100 Ms/s, 12 bit Digitizer can satisfy the time resolution requirement of PSD method. The identification characteristic and energy threshold of this method have been discussed and compared with both front injection and rear injection cases. Energy threshold with rear injection usually is much lower than that with front injection. For example, around for Neon isotope energy threshold with rear injection is about 100 MeV which is only half of the threshold with front injection, also equivalent to thickness of about 60 μm silicon detector threshold in ΔE-E method. At the end the impact of silicon detector's resistivity nonuniformity and channel effect on the identification capacity of PSD method has been discussed in detail.     

Investigation of the near-threshold cluster resonance in ~(14)C

An experiment for p(~(14)C,~(14)C~*→~(10)Be+α)p inelastic excitation and decay was performed in inverse kinematics at a beam energy of 25.3 Me V/u.A series of~(14)C excited states,including a new one at 18.3(1)Me V,were observed which decay to various states of the final nucleus of~(10)Be.A specially designed telescope system,installed around zero degrees,played an essential role in detecting the resonant states near theα-separation threshold.A state at 14.1(1)Me V is clearly identified,being consistent with the predicted band-head of the molecular rotational band characterized by theπ-bond linear chain configuration.Further clarification of the properties of this exotic state is suggested by using appropriate reaction tools.