反对称分子动力学模型中的冻结概念（英文）

给出了反对称分子动力学模型(AMD)计算的50 Me V/nucleon112Sn+112Sn反应的分析结果。该研究是反对称分子动力学模型中统计冻结概念的部分研究结果。利用自洽法结合修正的Fisher模型,提取了发射源的温度和密度分别为T=(6.1±0.2)Me V,ρ/ρ0=0.69±0.03。通过与AMD模型计算的系统在时间演化过程中的最大密度比较,得出碎片发射源的密度远小于系统的最大密度。利用自洽法提取的温度和密度与35 Me V/nucleon的40Ca+40Ca反应系统及40 Me V/nucleon的64Zn+112Sn反应系统所提取的温度和密度非常接近。该结果表明反对称分子动力学模型中,系统在中等质量碎片形成时刻处于统计冻结体积。     

活性靶技术熔合截面测量极限研究

天体环境中丰中子核素熔合反应率对研究中子星表面超级暴现象的点火机制有重要意义。由于次级束流强过低,无法使用传统固体靶实验技术测量垒下熔合反应截面。活性靶技术的发展为垒下丰中子核素熔合反应截面的测量提供了可行的途径。基于Geant4模拟详细地分析了多重采样电离室（MUSIC）与时间投影室（TPC）两种活性靶探测器中熔合反应与弹性散射的运动学性质,给出了4种熔合反应鉴别判据,并且计算了由这些判据误判引起的熔合截面系统误差。在E_cm=13.6 MeV时,MUSIC与TPC的弹性散射误判截面分别为0.5 mb和2.9×10-3 mb,都远小于此时熔合截面（877 mb）。在垒下,MSUIC的熔合截面系统误差已经超出实验测量要求,而TPC能够进行实验测量的能量可以降低至E_cm=4.7 MeV。Reaction rates of fusion reactions among neutron-rich nuclei in the astrophysical environment are of great significance to understand the ignition of superbursts on neutron stars. Since beam intensity is rather low for radioactive ion beams, it is extremely difficult to operate a direct measurement for cross sections of such fusion reactions below the Coulomb barrier using thick target technique. In this case, a novel technique, active target technique, has been developed recently. To study the energy limit for measurement below Coulomb barrier, the kinematics of elastic scattering and fusion reaction in MUSIC and TPC are discussed with Geant4 simulation. Four identification methods are used and uncertainties of cross sections resulted from misjudgments are calculated. With E_cm=13.6 MeV, the uncertainties of cross sections for MUSIC and TPC are 0.5 mb and 2.9×10-3 mb, respectively. The uncertainties for MUSIC become far beyond measurement when below coulomb barrier, while TPC remains to be a suitable detector for measuring fusion cross sections until E_cm=4.7 MeV.     

用于核天体物理实验的活性靶时间投影室

发生在中子星壳层内的丰中子熔合反应对中子星演化以及X射线超级爆等现象均会产生影响。受限于放射性束流强度和反应机制的复杂性，实验数据极其缺乏，难以有效约束理论模型。基于活性靶技术的时间投影室(Time Projection Chamber，TPC)将工作气体作为反应靶，具备近4$\pi$立体角接受度和三维径迹重建能力，能够实现对反应事件的全记录，显著提高了探测效率，大幅降低了熔合反应截面测量对束流强度的要求。我们研制了240路信号读出的TPC，并使用放射性束流16N对探测器进行了测试，探索了该实验方法的可行性和有效性。为了得到更加精确的反应产物径迹，对反应事件做出更好的筛选，进一步发展了1 024路信号读出TPC，并开展了12C+12C库仑位垒附近熔合反应截面测量实验，初步实验结果与已有实验数据符合较好。     

E_p≤3GeV质子入射铅、铋引起的中子产生双微分截面的模拟(英文)

加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS)液态Pb-Bi散裂靶的设计中,需要可靠的理论计算工具精确地预言几个GeV能量范围的质子引起的散裂反应产生的各种粒子和核素。利用蒙特卡罗模拟软件包Geant4计算研究了800 MeV至3 GeV质子入射铅、铋材料引起的中子产生双微分截面。比较了Geant4不同物理模型得到的模拟结果与现有的实验数据。其中,Geant4的QGSP BERT和QGSP INCL ABLA物理模型模拟结果很好地再现了实验数据。本工作证实了Geant4蒙特卡罗模拟软件包适合用于能量高达3 GeV的质子入射铅、铋引起的中子产生双微分截面的模拟计算。     

Ep≤63 GeV 质子入射铅、铋引起的中子产生双微分截面的模拟(英文)

加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS) 液态Pb-Bi 散裂靶的设计中,需要可靠的理论计算工具精确地预言几个GeV 能量范围的质子引起的散裂反应产生的各种粒子和核素。利用蒙特卡罗模拟软件包Geant4 计算研究了800 MeV至3 GeV 质子入射铅、铋材料引起的中子产生双微分截面。比较了Geant4 不同物理模型得到的模拟结果与现有的实验数据。其中,Geant4 的QGSP BERT和QGSP INCL ABLA 物理模型模拟结果很好地再现了实验数据。本工作证实了Geant4 蒙特卡罗模拟软件包适合用于能量高达3 GeV 的质子入射铅、铋引起的中子产生双微分截面的模拟计算。A detailed design of the liquid Pb-Bi spallation target of the Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) requires powerful and reliable computational tools that can accurately predict particles and nuclides production by the proton induced spallation reactions in the energy range of a few GeV. In this paper, the neutron production double-differential cross sections for Pb and Bi target materials at incident proton kinetic energies between 800 MeV and 3 GeV are studied by calculations with Monte Carlo simulation package Geant4. The simulated results of Geant4 with several physics models are compared with available experimental data. The simulated results generated by QGSP BERT and QGSP INCL ABLA physics models of Geant4 well reproduce the available experimental data. The present results validated that Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation package is suitable for simulations of neutron production double-differential cross sections of proton induced reaction on Pb and Bi targets in the incident energy range up to 3 GeV.     

Study on gamma response function of E J301 organic liquid scintillator with GEANT4 and FLUKA

The gamma response function is required for energy calibration of EJ301 （5 cm in diameter and 20 cm in height） organic liquid scintillator detector by means of gamma sources. The GEANT4 and FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation packages were used to simulate the response function of the detector for standard 22Na, 60Co, 137Cs gamma sources. The simulated results showed a good agreement with experimental data by incorporating the energy resolution function to simulation codes. The energy resolution and the position of the maximum Compton electron energy were obtained by comparing measured light output distribution with simulated one. The energy resolution of the detector varied from 21.2% to 12.4% for electrons in the energy region from 0.341 MeV to 1.12 MeV. The accurate position of the maximum Compton electron energy was determined at the position 81% of maximum height of Compton edges distribution. In addition, the relation of the electron energy calibration and the effective neutron detection thresholds were described in detail. The present results indicated that both packages were suited for studying the gamma response function of EJ301 detector.     

基于双粒子方位角关联方法研究费米能区重离子碰撞中横向流的入射能量依赖关系

基于双粒子方位角关联(2pAC)方法开展了费米能区⁶⁴Zn轰击⁵⁸Ni靶的重离子碰撞中横向流入射能量依赖的实验研究。利用考虑了单个事件中参考粒子对剩余体系反冲修正的改进的2pAC方法和已有的2pAC方法分别抽取了26,35和47MeV/u能量下⁶⁴Zn+⁵⁸Ni半中心碰撞的相对横向流强度,发现横向流的强度随入射能量增加而减弱的趋势与抽取横向流过程中是否考虑反冲修正无关,但考虑反冲修正时得到的横向流相对强度对比未考虑反冲修正时显著减小。通过线性拟合得到的相对横向流强度-入射能量关系,进一步获得了⁶⁴Zn+⁵⁸Ni半中心碰撞的平衡能分别为(110.1±5.8) MeV/u(改进的2pAC方法)和(128.0±5.6) MeV/u(已有的2pAC方法)。对比以往基于常规反应平面重建方法抽取得到的结果发现,基于改进的2pAC方法得到的结果与以往基于常规方法测得的平衡能-碰撞参数关系符合很好;相反,基于已有2pAC方法得到的结果被显著高估。对比结果证明了在利用2pA...     

12C+13C熔合截面测量中统计模型引入的系统误差研究(英文)

在本工作中,我们分别采用薄靶和厚靶实验技术,测量了12C+13C反应在质心系能量4~6 MeV的熔合截面。实验得到了12C+13C反应的在线γ产额和离线的24Na活度,利用TALYS统计模型给出的反应道分支比,导出了熔合反应的总截面。通过对比不同实验得到的总截面,定量研究了统计模型修正所带来的系统误差:在线γ分支比修正引入的系统误差为14%;由离线24Na活度测量得到总截面时,24Na分支比修正带来的系统误差也为14%。     

BC501A液体闪烁体对γ射线的光输出响应

研究了对BC501A液体闪烁体对γ射线的光输出响应特性。实验上利用γ放射源(60Co,137Cs)测量了不同光电倍增管高压下,尺寸为Φ5.08 cm×5.08 cm的BC501A液体闪烁体探测器的脉冲幅度谱。利用Geant4软件进行模拟,计算结果与实验数据很好地符合,得到了能量分辨函数及能量刻度曲线。利用Geant4研究了BC501A的脉冲幅度谱的康普顿边缘Ec、康普顿峰Emax及康普顿半高点E1/2与能量分辨率的关系。同时模拟结果显示,随γ射线能量(0.2～3 Me V)的增加,康普顿边缘位置Nc/Nmax从0.8至0.7线性减少。     

中能重离子碰撞中横向流电荷依赖的形状以及实验条件对横向流的影响(英文)

从35 MeV/nucleon 40Ca+40Ca反应实验数据中提取了碎片Z从1到9的横向流,发现探测器阈值、探测系统的角分辨等实验条件对横向流电荷依赖的形状有显著的影响。在考虑实验条件并采用软的核物质状态方程（K=200 MeV）之后,CoMD模型计算结果很好地重现了实验中横向流电荷依赖的形状。这表明如果要更加精确地提取实验中的横向流,必须使用阈值更低、角分辨更好的探测系统。此外,结合Kohley等[Phys Rev C,2012,85:064605]从实验中提取的横向流,讨论了横向流电荷依赖的形状存在异同的原因。1 ≤ Z ≤ 6的横向流电荷依赖呈肩峰形状可能是实验条的影响引起的,而我们的实验中Z ≥ 6的横向流的减小可能是由于动量守恒对集体运动的抑制。The transverse flow in the reaction of 40Ca+40Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon has been determined for emitted isotopes with Z=1 to 9. A significant modification of the Z-dependent flow pattern caused by the experimental filters, the detector thresholds and the angular resolutions (△?) of the detector array, is observed. With the application of the appropriate experimental filters, the general trend of the experimental Z-dependent flow is well reproduced by the Constrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) simulation, employing an effective interaction corresponding to a soft EOS (K=200 MeV). This fact suggests that to determine the flow values more precisely, a detection system with lower energy threshold and better angular resolution is urgently required. Additionally, together with the parallel work of Z. Kohley et al.[Phys Rev C, 2012, 85:064605], the pattern of the experimental Z dependence of transverse flow is also discussed. The shoulder patterns of Z-dependent flow for 1 ≤ Z ≤ 6 can be attributed by the experimental filters, while the reduction of flow for Z ≥ 6 in our experiment can be caused by the suppression of collective motion under the momentum conservation.