在40MeV/u时112Sn+112Sn和124Sn+124Sn中多重碎裂的同位旋效应

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型,研究了112Sn+112Sn和124Sn+124Sn两个反应系统在入射能量E=40MeV/u时的多重碎裂.计算结果能与实验值定性符合.观察到两个反应系统中,中等质量碎片多重性、中子多重性、荷电粒子多重性与轻荷电粒子多重性之间的关联存在着明显的差别.另外,通过与膨胀蒸发源模型及同位旋相关的渗透模型分析结果的比较,发现这种差别主要是由同位旋相关的反应动力学所造成的.     

30 MeV/u 40Ar+natAg反应中类弹碎片发射的时–空演化

报道了30MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar+^natAg反应中中等质量碎片(IMF)发射时间(τ)随发射源空间大小的演化规律,并对类弹碎片的发射时空进行了讨论.结果表明,IMF的发射时标与中等质量碎片关联函数以及发射源的核物质密度(ρ)有关,而与发射源的质量数的关系不大.对于能量较高的类弹碎片来说,在较小的核物质密度下提取的发射时间也较小,因此,在正常核物质密度参数下提取出的发射时间值可作为碎片实际发射时间的上限值.中速碎片的发射时间随密度大小的变化非常缓慢,提取出的发射时间值即可作为实际的发射时间.     

在40MeV/u时112Sn+112Sn和124Sn+124Sn中多重碎裂的同位旋效应

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型,研究了^112Sn ^112Sn和^124Sn ^124Sn两个反应系统在入射能量E=40MeV/u时的多重碎裂。计算结果与实验值定性符合。观察到了两个反应系统中,中等质量碎片多重性,中子多重性,荷电粒子多重性与轻荷电粒子多重性之间的关联存在着明显的差别。另外,通过与膨胀蒸发源模型及同位旋相关的渗透模型分析结果的比较,发现这种差别主要是由同位旋相关的反应动力学所造成的。     

35MeV/u 36Ar+112,124Sn反应中中等质量碎片关联函数的入射道依赖

³⁶Ar+^112,124Sn反应中小角关联出射的中等质量碎片(IMF)约化速度关联函数. 结果表明³⁶Ar+¹²⁴Sn反应系统中的约化速度关联函数在小约化速度处的反关联程度比³⁶Ar+¹¹²Sn反应系统中的强, 表现出明显的入射道依赖性. 考察出射粒子对的单核子总动量时, 发现这种差异主要来自于高动量粒子对的贡献. 用三体弹道理论模型MENEKA分别计算了两个系统的IMF发射时标, 在³⁶Ar+¹¹²Sn反应系统中约为150fm/c, 而在³⁶Ar+¹²⁴Sn反应系统中, 约为120fm/c. 同位旋相关的量子分子动力学计算表明, ³⁶Ar+¹²⁴Sn系统中IMF的发射时间谱比³⁶Ar+¹¹²Sn系统略有前移, 相应地, 其中心密度从最高点随时间的下降亦比³⁶Ar+¹¹²Sn系统略快.     

有限核多重碎裂的同位旋效应和临界现象的分析

利用非对称核物质状态方程及同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型对有限核112Sn和132Sn在不同温度下多重碎裂的同位旋效应进行了研究，发现随着温度的升高同位旋效应逐渐消失，并给出了在一定温度下不同密度对产生中等质量碎片的影响. 通过碎片的关联分析,对中高能重离子碰撞中的临界现象做了初步研究.     

Isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass and symmetry energy in isotopic nuclear reactions

Within an isospin and momentum dependent transport model, the dynamics of isospin particles(nucleons and light clusters) in Fermi-energy heavy-ion collisions are investigated for constraining the isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass and the symmetry energy at subsaturation densities. The impacts of the isoscalar and isovector parts of the momentum dependent interaction on the emissions of isospin particles are explored, i.e., the mass splittings of m_n~*=m_p~* and m_n~* m_p~*(m_n~* m_p~*). The single and double neutron to proton ratios of free nucleons and light particles are thoroughly investigated in the isotopic nuclear reactions of ~(112)Sn+~(112)Sn and ~(124)Sn+~(124)Sn at incident energies of 50 and 120 MeV/nucleon, respectively. It is found that both the effective mass splitting and symmetry energy impact the kinetic energy spectra of the single ratios, in particular at the high energy tail(larger than 20 Me V). The isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass slightly impacts the double ratio spectra at the energy of 50 MeV/nucleon. A soft symmetry energy with stiffness coefficient of γ_s =0.5 is constrained from the experimental data with the Fermi-energy heavy-ion collisions.     

30MeV/u40Ar+159Tb反应中中等质量碎片的发射时标与发射机制

报道30MeV/u⁴⁰Ar+¹⁵⁹Tb反应中碎片-碎片关联函数的实验结果．利用三体弹道模型从关联函数提取了中等质量碎片发射时间．中等质量碎片的平均发射时间随碎片能量而变化，从低能时的约500fm/c下降至高能时的约100fm/c．中等质量碎片发射时间随束流能量的升高而下降，表明随着束流能量的升高中等质量碎片发射机制逐渐从相继两体衰变向多重碎裂发射过渡．对于⁴⁰Ar+¹⁵⁹Tb反应，此过渡能区在35—45MeV/u之间 关键词：     

30MeV/u 40Ar+159Tb反应中中等质量碎片发射的时空演化

报道了30MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar+¹⁵⁹Tb反应中中等质量碎片发射时间随空间大小的演化规律.实验结果表明,发射空间大小对IMF关联函数的影响主要来自于发射源的核物质密度,而几乎不依赖于源的质量数,对于发射时间较短(≤100fm/c)的高能碎片,较小的核物质密度导致提取的发射时间变小.在正常核物质密度参数下提取的发射时间可作为其上限值,对于发射时间较长的中低能碎片,发射时间不随空间大小变化,提取的发射时间值即为其实际值.     

30MeV/u 40Ar+ 112,124Sn反应中态布居核温度的同位旋效应

用13单元望远镜探测器阵列测量了30MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar +^112,124Sn反应中小角关联粒子,由两体符合事件提取了αα关联函数.用三体弹道理论模型MENEKA计算本底关联函数,用Monte Carlo方法计算探测效率函数,在扣除本底产额并考虑探测效率的修正后,对不同同位旋反应系统⁴⁰Ar +¹¹²Sn和⁴⁰Ar+¹²⁴Sn提取的相对态布居核温度分别是4.18±0.25 0.21MeV和4.10±0.22 0.20MeV ;考察态布居核温度和粒子能量的关系时,观察到两个系统的发射温度均随着粒子能量的增加而降低,缺中子系统⁴⁰Ar +¹¹²Sn中由低能时的5.13±0.30 0.2 6MeV降低到高能时的3.87±0.37 0.29MeV ,丰中子系统⁴⁰Ar+¹²⁴Sn中由低能时的5.39±0.30 0.26MeV降低到高能时的3.32±0.28 0.23MeV .用激发热核衰变过程的同位旋选择性对这种同位旋相关性进行了解释.     

35MeV/u40Ar+197Au中的熵产生

根据量子统计模型(QSM)的计算分析,找到了一个提取核反应过程中熵产生的新的可观测量.核反应过程中约化d的产额d/(d+t+³He+⁴He)和熵有单调的函数关系,并且和体系的碎裂密度(ρ/ρ₀)及体系的N/Z都无关,可以作为提取核反应过程中熵产生的一个观测量.和目前已经有的其他方法相比,约化d产额这一提取熵方法可以用于较低能量的重离子核反应中,并且数据处理分析简单.对于35MeV/u⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au的核反应过程所提取的熵和利用约化带电粒子多重性提取的熵结果一致.结合后角类靶热核发射体系实验提取的同位素核温度为4.7±1.2MeV及S/A=2.5±0.5,根据熵和核温度的关联关系,可以确定其Break up密度接近但小于0.1(ρ/ρ₀) 关键词： 熵 约化d产额 核温度 统计发射     

Directed and elliptic flows in 40Ca + 40Ca and 112Sn + 112Sn collisions

The directed and elliptic flows for different light particles and fragments in collisions of ⁴⁰Ca + ⁴⁰Ca and ¹¹²Sn + ¹¹²Sn at energies from 30MeV/nucleon to 100MeV/nucleon were studied in the isospin-dependent quantum molecule dynamics model (IQMD). With increasing incident energy, the directed flow rises from negative to positive, while the elliptic flow decreases with increasing the incident energies. The directed flow for the ⁴⁰Ca + ⁴⁰Ca system is not sensitive to the nuclear equation of states (EOS), but the directed flow for the ¹¹²Sn + ¹¹²Sn system is sensitive to the EOS. However, the elliptic flows for both ⁴⁰Ca + ⁴⁰Ca and ¹¹²Sn + ¹¹²Sn systems are not sensitive to EOS. A study of the dependence of directed and elliptic flows on the fragment charge (mass) is also performed. Received: 15 March 2002 / Accepted: 14 June 2002 / Published online: 19 November 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: Zhanghy@sinr.ac.cn; Permanent address: Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204(2), Shanghai 201800, China. Communicated by W. Henning     

Isospin Dependence in Nuclear Multifragmentation Within Site Percolation and Nucleation Pictures

The isospin dependence, recently observed in Sn + Sn reactions at 40 MeV/nucleon, is discussed within the framework of two simple nuclear multifragmentation models, namely the site percolation and the nucleation-evaporation models. It is shown that both the models are able to discriminate between ¹¹²Sn+ ¹¹²Sn and ¹²⁴Sn+ ¹²⁴Sn reactions. The nucleation-evaporation model succeeds to reproduce nicely the experimental data, but the site percolation model fails in doing that, even if the cluster noncompactive effect is taken into account. The calculations indicate that the data are originated mainly from a single source.     

Isospin fractionation in nuclear multifragmentation

Isotopic distributions for light particles and intermediate mass fragments have been measured for 112Sn+112Sn, 112Sn+124Sn, 124Sn+112Sn, and 124Sn+124Sn collisions at E/A = 50 MeV. Isotope, isotone, and isobar yield ratios are utilized to estimate the isotopic composition of the gas phase at freeze-out. Analyses within the equilibrium limit imply that the gas phase is enriched in neutrons relative to the liquid phase represented by bound nuclei. These observations suggest that neutron diffusion is commensurate with or more rapid than fragment production.     

Isospin Effect on Relative State Population Temperature in the Reactions 40Ar+ 112,124Sn at 30MeV/u

An array of 13 detector telescopes has been used for detecting small-angle particle-particle correlations in the reactions ⁴⁰Ar+^112,124Sn at 30MeV/u. The α-α correlation functions were extracted from two-particle coincident events. A three-body trajectory code MENEKA was used to calculate the background correlation function. The detection efficiency was calculated by using the Monte-Carlo method. After subtracting the background correlation and making the detection efficiency correction, the temperatures of 4.18±0.25 0.21 MeV and 4.10±0.22 0.20MeV are obtained from relative populations of ⁸Be states for the reaction systems with different isospin,⁴⁰Ar+¹¹²Sn and ⁴⁰Ar+¹²⁴Sn, respectively. From the relationship between the state population temperature and outgoing particle energies, it is found that the emission temperature decreases with increase of the particle energies for both studied reaction systems. For the neutron deficient system ⁴⁰Ar+¹¹²Sn the emission temperature is 5.13±0.30 0.26MeV for the lower emitting particle energies and 3.87±0.37 0.29MeV for the higher emitting particle energies. And for the neutron rich system ⁴⁰Ar+¹²⁴Sn the emission temperature is 5.39±0.30 0.26MeV for the lower emitting particle energies and 3.32± 0.28 0.23MeV for the higher emitting particle energies. This kind of isospin dependence is discussed.     

核子-核子碰撞截面对同位素标度参数α的介质效应

核子能量在40—60MeV能区范围,对在两对重离子中心碰撞系统⁴⁰Ca+⁴⁸Ca和⁶⁰Ca+⁴⁸Ca以及¹¹²Sn+¹¹²Sn和¹²⁴Sn+¹²⁴Sn 的反应中就同位素标度参数α对于核子-核子碰撞截面σ^med_NN(α_m)的介质 关键词： 同位素标度行为 介质效应 核子-核子碰撞截面 重离子碰撞     

Charge partition probabilities in the 32S + 27Al reaction at 37.5 MeV/nucleon analysed using the Boltzmann distribution

We apply the Boltzmann distribution to charge partition probabilities measured with the AMPHORA multidetector in the reaction ³²S + ²⁷Al at 37.5 MeV/ nucleon. Approximate corrections to the data for pre-equilibrium emission are made and modifications to the basic formalism due to detection e?ciency and evaporation are treated explicitly. The data are well reproduced with a temperature of 5.0 MeV and a freeze-out volume which corresponds to densities which are 20 times smaller than normal density.     

化学不稳定性和同位素分布的同位旋效应

采用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型,研究了在轰击能量为40MeV/u和100MeV/u时,¹¹²Sn+¹¹²Sn和¹²⁴Sn+¹²⁴Sn反应产物的同位素分布.发现在40MeV/u时,同位素分布与入射体系的同位旋密切相关;而在100MeV/u时,对这两种不同同位旋体系给出几乎相同的同位素分布.这种同位素分布的能量依赖性为研究化学不稳定性及其与力学不稳定性的竞争提供了新途径 关键词： 化学不稳定性 同位旋效应 同位素分布 同位旋相关的量子分子动力学     

Charge partition probabilities in the32S+27Al reaction at 37.5 MeV/nucleon analysed using the boltzmann distribution

We apply the Boltzmann distribution to charge partition probabilities measured with the AMPHORA multidetector in the reaction³²S+²⁷Al at 37.5 MeV/nucleon. Approximate corrections to the data for preequilibrium emission are made and modifications to the basic formalism due to detection efficiency and evaporation are treated explicitly. The data are well reproduced with a temperature of 5.0 MeV and a freeze-out volume which corresponds to densities which are 20 times smaller than normal density.     

Multiplicity dependence of the pion source in S+A collisions at the CERN SPS

The emission of pions from relativistic heavy-ion collisions of S+S, S+Ag and S+Pb at 200 GeV/nucleon is characterized using two-particle interferometry. The multiplicity dependence of the pion source parameters near midrapidity is studied. The transversal (R _t) and longitudinal (R _l) pion source parameters are independent of the initial nuclei in the interaction and increase with increasing multiplicity. This suggests that the freeze-out process is governed mainly by the particle multiplicity. The multiplicity dependence is weaker than that expected from a simple model of a freeze-out at a constant density.     

Break-up stage restoration in multifragmentation reactions

In the case of Xe + Sn at 32MeV/nucleon multifragmentation reaction break-up fragments are built up from the experimentally detected ones using evaluations of light-particle evaporation multiplicities which thus settle fragment internal excitation. Freeze-out characteristics are extracted from experimental kinetic energy spectra under the assumption of full decoupling between fragment formation and energy dissipated in different degrees of freedom. The thermal kinetic energy is determined uniquely while for the freeze-out volume - collective energy a multiple solution is obtained. The coherence between the solutions of the break-up restoration algorithm and the predictions of a multifragmentation model with identical definition of primary fragments is regarded as a way to select the true value. The broad kinetic energy spectrum of ³He is consistent with the break-up genesis of this isotope.