增强思维的批判意识

<正>数学被称作为"思维的体操".由此可见,通过数学学习提高数学思维水平是非常重要的.要提高数学思维水平,其中一个重要的方面,就是需要提高思维的批判意识.所谓思维的批判意识,就是指在数学学习过程中,要具有一种存疑思辨意识,善于发现反思问题,并独立地解决问题.如何增强思维的批判意识,本文提出以下三点建议,以资同学们参考.一、揭示问题瑕疵有的同学认为,课本与资料上的数学问题     

增强思维的批判意识

数学被称作为＂思维的体操＂.由此可见,通过数学学习提高数学思维水平是非常重要的.要提高数学思维水平,其中一个重要的方面,就是需要提高思维的批判意识.所谓思维的批判意识,就是指在数学学习过程中,要具有一种存疑思辨意识,善于发现反思问题,并独立地解决问题.如何增强思维的批判意识,本文提出以下三点建议,以资同学们参考.     

一种新的六氢喹啉衍生物的NMR研究

应用¹H NMR,¹³C NMR,DEPT,¹H-¹H COSY,HSQC,HMBC等多种NMR实验测试分析方法,确证了一种新的六氢喹啉衍生物2,7,7-三甲基-4-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基）苯基-5-氧代-1,4,5,6,7,8-六氢喹啉-3-羧酸甲酯的结构,并对它的¹H、¹³C信号进行了归属.     

ABEEMσπ和OPLS-AA力场对蛋白质GA88/GB88的分子动力学模拟

将原子与键电负性均衡方法融入分子力学方法,即利用ABEEMσπ浮动电荷力场与ABEEM-7P水模型相结合的方法及OPLS-AA固定电荷力场方法,对GA88和GB88蛋白进行了水溶液(温度295 K)和真空中的分子动力学模拟.比较两种方法得到的两个蛋白质的结构与实验结构的均方根偏差,分析了两种方法得到的两个蛋白质的回旋半径、氢键分布、径向分布及电荷分布情况.结果表明,ABEEMσπ和OPLS-AA力场均能正确模拟蛋白质结构,得到的各项偏差值接近,但从各偏差的波动大小可见,ABEEMσπ力场的模拟更稳定;回旋半径模拟很好地体现了蛋白质的"电致紧缩"现象;氢键分布、径向分布及电荷分布表明,与OPLS-AA固定电荷力场相比,ABEEMσπ浮动电荷力场能更好地体现蛋白质和周围水分子的极化效应.     

两相流中煤粉的燃烧机理及动力学特征

利用微型流化床动力学分析仪研究了两相流条件下无烟煤粉的燃烧反应机理和动力学特征,并与热重法所得结果进行比较分析。结果表明,当温度大于850℃时,煤粉燃烧机理发生了变化,燃烧气态产物的生成比例也随之改变;当气速大于0.10 m/s时,气体扩散限制基本被消除,煤粉燃烧反应速率主要受界面化学反应控制;煤粉燃烧反应速率随着氧气分压的增大呈幂函数形式增长,且氧气分压对煤粉静置燃烧的影响更加显著。煤氧两相流燃烧的表观活化能与静置燃烧相比降低了49 kJ/mol,相同温度条件下两相流燃烧的界面化学反应阻力也明显小于热重法测试结果。     

Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of t~rans-4-Aminoazobenzene Studied by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

The ultrafast excited state dynamics of trans-4-aminoazobenzene （trans-4-AAB） in ethanol was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. After being excited to the S2 state by 400 nm, trans-4-AAB decays from the S2 state to the hot S1 state by internal conversion with time constant of -70 fs. The photoisomerization through inversion mechanism on the S1 potential energy surface and the internal conversion from the S1 state to the hot So state are observed, respectively. The average timescale of these two decay pathways is -0.7 ps. And the vibrational cooling of the hot So state of cis- and trans-4- AAB occur with time constants of -4 and N13 ps, respectively. Furthermore, the ultrafast intersystem crossing process are also observed. The timescale of intersystem crossing from the S2 state to the T4 state is about 480 ps while from the S1 state to the T2 state is -180 ps.     

（e, 2e） Investigations of the Simultaneous Ionization and Excitation of Helium to He＋（n=2）

Three-Coulomb-wave method is employed to treat the process of （e, 2e） simultaneous ion- ization and excitation to the n=2 state of helium, with radial and angular correlated wave-function of He target. The triple differential cross sections are calculated and analyzed in very asymmetric coplanar geometry at incident energies of 5.50, 1.50 and 0.57 keV. Results are compared with the absolute measurements and the theoretical first and second Born approximation. The present triply differential cross section （TDCS） is found to be in good agreement with experimental data qualitatively. The distinguishing feature noted in TDCS structure is the presence of intense recoil peak that for certain parameters is even larger than the binary peak, an unusual feature for the single-ionization process at high and intermediate energies.     

Ion Pairing Kinetics Does not Necessarily Follow the Eigen-Tamm Mechanism

The most recognized and employed model of the solvation equilibration in the ionic solutions was proposed by Eigen and Tamm, in which there are four major states for an ion pair in the solution： the completely solvated state, 2SIP （double solvent separate ion pair）, SIP （single solvent separate ion pair）, and CIP （contact ion pair）. Eigen and Tamm suggested that the transition from SIP to CIP is always the slowest step during the whole pairing process, due to a high free energy barrier between these two states. We carried out a series of potential of mean force calculations to study the pairing free energy profiles of two sets of model mono- atomic 1：1 ion pairs 2.0：x and x：2.0. For 2.0：x pairs the free energy barrier between the SIP and CIP states is largely reduced due to the salvation shell water structure. For these pairs the SIP to CIP transition is thus not the slowest step in the ion pair formation course. This is a deviation from the Eigen-Tamm model.     

Quasi-classical Trajectory Study of F-I-H20→HF-I-OH Reaction： Influence of Barrier Height,Reactant Rotational Excitation,and Isotopic Substitution

The reaction dynamics of the F＋H20/D20→HF/DF＋OH/OD are investigated on an accurate potential energy surface （PES） using a quasi-classical trajectory method. For both isotopomers, the hydrogen/deuterium abstraction reaction is dominated by a direct rebound mechanism over a very low ＂reactant-like＂ barrier, which leads to a vibrationally hot HF/DF product with an internally cold OH/OD companion. It is shown that the lowered reaction barrier on this PES, as suggested by high-level ab initio calculations, leads to a much better agreement with the experimental reaction cross section, but has little impact on the product state distributions and mode selectivity. Our results further indicate that rotational excitation of the H20 reactant leads to significant enhancement of the reactivity, suggesting a strong coupling with the reaction coordinate.     

Coherent Vibrational Dynamics and High-resolution Nonlinear Spectroscopy： A Comparison with the Air/DMSO Liquid Interface

We present a comparative study on the C-H stretching vibrations at air/DMSO （dimethyl sulfoxide） interface with both the free-induction decay （FID） coherent vibrational dynamics and the sub-wavenumber high resolution sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy measurements. In principle the frequency-domain and time-domain spectroscopic measurements should generate identical information for a given molecular system. However, when the molecular systems are with several coupled or overlapping vibrational modes, obtain- ing detailed spectroscopic and coherent dynamics information is not as straightforward and rather difficult from either the time-domain or the frequency domain measurements. For the case of air/DMSO interface that is with moderately complex vibrational spectra, we show that the frequency-domain measurement with sub-wavenumber high-resolution sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy is probably more advantageous than the time- domain measurement in obtaining quantitative understanding of the structure and coherent dynamics of the molecular interface.