基于comsol的电位法压裂裂缝监测正演研究

随着我国石油开发的不断深入,大部分油田已经进入了高含水开发期;电位法压裂裂缝监测通过套管向井中供电,地面观测电位分布,监测压裂裂缝形态。该方法简单易行,是一种重要的裂缝监测方法;因此开展相关电位法压裂裂缝监测的正演以及反演研究具有十分重要的意义;首先,文章基于有限单元法,利用comsol软件建立了电位法压裂裂缝监测模型,进行了数学分析,并选取了合适的边界条件;其次,通过建立的模型,研究了裂缝方位与地面电位的对应关系;然后,通过改变测量区域的坡度,研究了坡度对地面测量电位的影响;研究表明,裂缝的方位与异常电位值的极小值相对应;地表坡度将对裂缝方位的监测造成影响;因而,在实际的电位法压裂裂缝监测中,应考虑坡度的影响,并对测量电位进行相应地修正补偿以消除误差。     

Self‐reinforced composites based on commercial PP woven fabrics and a random PP copolymer modified with quartz

Self‐reinforced composites based on commercial polypropylene (PP) woven fabrics and a random PP copolymer modified with quartz were obtained by film stacking. The effect of the incorporation of quartz on the materials fracture and failure behavior was studied through uniaxial tensile tests and quasi‐static fracture experiments. Acoustic emission analysis was also performed in situ in the tensile tests. A higher consolidation quality was obtained for the composites containing quartz. In the composite with random PP modified with 5 wt% quartz, the higher consolidation and the better dispersion of quartz particles positively impacted on the materials tensile and fracture behavior. From the results of acoustic emission analysis, fiber fracture appears as the dominant failure mechanism in the investigated composites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluoride optical nanoceramics

The methods for preparation of highly transparent optical ceramics based on simple and complex fluoride compounds of elements of the first, second, and third Group in the Periodical system are considered. The use of precursors as nanopowders and processes of their self-assembling on heating results in maximally homogeneous, transparent, and mechanically strong ceramics. The resulting calcium fluoride ceramics possess optical losses of 10⁻²–10⁻³ cm⁻¹ at 1.06 μm and shock resistance characterized by the fracture toughness K _1C = 4.7±0.3 MPa m^1/2 (for comparison, for a calcium fluoride single crystal K _1C = 1.5±0.15 MPa m^1/2). Regularities of the chemistry of fluoride nanopowders were considered in comparison with the oxide nanopowders: the fluorides are prone to hydrolysis, and powder nanoparticles precipitated from aqueous solutions have complex and heterogeneous (over the volume) chemical composition. The spectral luminescence properties of the ceramics activated by rare-earth metals (Ce³⁺, Nd³⁺, Er³⁺, Yb³⁺) or containing active color centers are presented. The generation properties of the lithium fluoride ceramics with the color centers and the ternary Ca-Sr-Yb fluoride during diode laser pumping are describe Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 863–872, May, 2008.     

Influences of molecular weight and crystalline structure on fracture behavior of controlled-rheology-polypropylene prepared by reactive extrusion

The molecular weight of ethylene-block-co-polypropylene (co-PP) was adjusted by reactive extrusion with the incorporation of dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and the effect of molecular weight on the crystallization behavior, crystal morphology, and fracture behavior was investigated. It was found that, with increasing DCP content, the molecular weight (MW) decreased and the polydispersity (M_w/M_n) slightly decreased. After modification, the number of spherulites with obscure boundaries increased, and the size of the spherulites was more even due to increasing amount of grafting and micro-cross-linking structures, generated in co-PP degradation, which were acting as nucleating agents. Evaluated by essential work of fracture method, the specific essential work of fracture, w_e, was found to be strongly dependent on the molecular weight, especially, on the number average molecular weight (M_n) linearly, while the specific non-essential work of fracture, βw_p, was enhanced with decreasing z-average molecular weight (M_z), probably owing to the reduction of ultra-high molecular weight component in degraded co-PP.     

强激光使铝靶层裂的模拟实验研究

 激光引起的冲击波可能使得靶材料层裂断裂，这个现象取决于光束的功率密度、脉冲持续时间、靶的厚度和靶材料的性能参数。用气炮驱动的平板撞击实验和概念模拟分析了极短持续时间的三角形压缩应力击波在LY-12铝靶中的传播衰减和层裂强度的时间相关性，根据气炮模拟实验结果，估计了厚度小于2 mm的LY-12铝靶产生层裂所需的激光功率密度和能量密度的阈值条件。     

Solute segregation at grain boundaries

This feature article summarizes the present art and science of grain boundary segregation from the viewpoint of the authors activities in this field. In the part on equilibrium segregation, fundamental effects on grain boundary segregation are discussed such as the nature of the solute/matrix binary system, presence of additional elements, temperature, grain boundary orientation and type of interface. In addition, the predictive capabilities of grain boundary segregation diagrams are outlined. The present models of segregation kinetics are reviewed and discussed in connection with recent experiments. The last part of the paper is focussed on the most important consequences of grain boundary segregation, i.e., grain boundary cohesion and fracture.     

Interfacial bonding,energy dissipation,and adhesion

Thin sheets of several elastomers have been adhered together by C? C or S? S interfacial bonds and peeled apart at various rates and temperatures. For C? C bonding, values of the work G required per unit area to separate the sheets could be superposed to form a master curve versus peel rate using Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) temperature shift factors. Threshold values G_o at low rates and high temperatures ranged from virtually zero for nonbonded sheets up to the tear strength of the sheet itself, 50-80 J/m², for fully interlinked sheets, in proportion to the density of interfacial bonds. The strength thus appears to be the sum of two terms: G_o and a viscoelastic loss function which itself is approximately proportional to G_o. By comparing the dependence of G upon rate of peel with the dependence of dynamic shear modulus μ′ upon oscillation frequency, an effective length of the fracture zone was deduced. It was extremely small in all cases, only about 1 Å. With sulfur interlinks, values of G were larger at all peel rates and varied more with temperature than predicted by the WLF relation. This is attributed to a concomitant decrease in S? S bond strength with temperature, and an increase in energy dissipation as the weaker sulfur bonds fail. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Microvoid multistage nucleation model and its application in analysis of micro damage and fracture

In this paper, the microvoid multistage nucleation model [14,15] suggested by the authors of this paper has been studied on the micro ductile damage and fracture of metallic material under large elastic-plastic deformation.Using this model, the analyses of micro damage and fracture for various axisymmetric tensile specimens and for TPB and CCP cracked specimens have been carried out. And the results from these analyses on damage development and fracture are in good agreement with the experimental ones for axisymmetric specimens and reasonable for cracked specimens from the microscopic point of view.The project surported by National Science Foundations of China.     

Das Versagen von Polymeren unter Belastung mit konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten

Zusammenfassung Der Bruch oder das Erreichen der Streckgrenze eines Polymeren ist ein Versagensphänomen, das unter konstanten Umgebungsbedingungen von der Belastungsgeschichte abhängig ist. Versuche mit konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten ergeben bei zunehmenden Dehngeschwindigkeiten eine eindeutige Zunahme der dem Versagenspunkt entsprechenden Spannung und Dehnung. Der Vergleich experimenteller und rechnerischer Ergebnisse zeigt, daß die Hypothese der konstanten dissipierten Verformungsenergie, die schon früher erfolgreich für die Rißbildung unter Kriech- und Spannungsrelaxationsbelastung angewendet wurde, auch als Kriterium des Versagens von Polymeren unter Belastung mit konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten geeignet ist.

---

Summary Fracture or yielding are failure phenomena which, at constant environmental conditions, depend upon the loading history of the considered polymer. Experiments with different constant strain rates have shown that the increase of the strain rate leads to an increase of both strain and stress of the failure point. A comparison of experimental and computational data shows that the hypothesis of constant dissipated energie, which has been applied earlier with success for the crazing of polymers in creep and stress relaxation, is also suitable as a criterion of the failure of polymers under loading with constant strain rates.

Mit 7 Abbildungen und 1 Tabelle     

不同材料界面上受τ_0t~n型载荷作用的扩展裂纹问题

变量t的任意连续函数在任意闭域中都可以用多项式a_nt~m来一致的逼近,进而t的任意函数都可以表示为函数t_ot~n的线性叠加,利用复变函数理论,我们将在不同材料界面上受t_ot~n型载荷作用的扩展裂纹问题化为解析函数理论中的Keldysh-sedov混合问题,本文给出了这一问题的闭合解,并且这一解可以作为Green函数使用。