Pt基催化剂在富丙烯气氛中选择性氢气氧化性能和结构演变规律（英文）

本工作研究了富丙烯气氛中Pt基催化剂的SHC性能和长期使用过程中活性相的演变规律。结果发现,Sn修饰的Pt/SiO₂催化剂在丙烷和丙烯同时存在的条件下具有高的氢气氧化选择性(大于98%)。通过动力学研究,稳定性测试和结构表征发现,氧气的引入能够显著提高催化剂的结焦速率,形成的高度石墨化的焦炭,Pt的烧结,PtSn合金中Sn的氧化和偏析是导致长期稳定性测试中选择性下降的主要因素。     

γ-Al2O3颗粒溶液浸润过程的原位磁共振成像

在催化剂的制备过程中,常采用浸渍法将金属或活性相负载到多孔固体载体上以获得高性能的负载型催化剂;在浸渍过程中溶剂对载体的浸润能力和效果对负载活性组分的分布和状态至关重要,进而会影响催化剂的催化性能.本文利用磁共振成像(MRI)技术开展了溶剂对γ-Al₂O₃颗粒浸润过程的原位研究.评估了自旋回波(SE)、梯度回波(GRE)和超短时间回波(UTE) 3种不同MRI序列的成像效果,发现UTE序列在观测短横向弛豫时间(T₂)值的¹H MRI信号方面展现出优越的性能,应用小激发角和短恢复时间(TR)可以获得比SE和GRE序列更高时间分辨率(<1 min)的动态图像.利用UTE序列对γ-Al₂O₃在不同极性溶剂中的浸渍过程进行了原位监测,发现极性溶剂水和甲醇均表现出典型的自由扩散过程,即溶剂从颗粒的外缘逐渐扩散到其中心直至饱和;非极性溶剂环己烷展现了不同的浸润行为,γ-Al₂O₃颗粒的整体¹H M...     

聚乳酸合成催化体系:机遇与挑战

随着国家减塑令的发布,开发聚乳酸(PLA)等生物可降解材料逐渐成为热门话题.对合成聚乳酸的不同方法进行了讨论.丙交酯开环聚合法已成为获得高分子量聚乳酸的最常用方法.因此,重点介绍了用于丙交酯开环聚合的催化剂设计,并阐述了聚合的机理,希望能为设计开发低毒性、高选择性的催化体系指明方向.     

团簇Au/CeO2的制备及其催化CO氧化反应构效关系的研究

负载型Au催化剂因其在诸多反应过程中的高催化活性而备受研究者关注.然而针对负载型催化剂中Au物种结构的有效调控,以及催化过程中真实构-效关系的探索一直充满了挑战.用CeO₂为Au物种担载基底,通过简单煅烧处理引起的CeO₂结构变化,进而实现Au/CeO₂之间界面作用力的调控.此研究发现Au纳米颗粒中Au⁰物种具备更为高效的催化室温CO氧化活性,结合多种原位表征分析,其室温条件下催化转化效率更依赖于CO吸附能力.而相比于单原子Au₁和纳米Au颗粒,所制备的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂在较高温度(>50℃)展现出优异的催化CO氧化反应性能.随着温度升高,催化剂表界面O参与的MvK反应路径更易发生,因此具有更多表界面活性O物种和Au^δ+位点的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂展现出最为优异的催化CO氧化性能.这些发现为高效负载型Au催化剂的制备提供了新思路并深化了对Au/CeO₂催化作用机制的理解.     

甲醇制烃反应机理:基础及应用研究（英文）

甲醇制烃(MTH)反应作为一条非石油可持续路线制备重要的平台化学品,得到学术界和工业界的广泛关注.根据主要产物的不同, MTH反应又分为甲醇制烯烃(MTO)、甲醇制汽油(MTG)和甲醇制芳烃(MTA).MTO反应已经实现了商业化应用,但其催化效率,即烯烃选择性和催化剂寿命仍有待提高.为开发高效的MTH催化剂,其机理研究得到了研究者的广泛关注.MTH反应稳态阶段的间接机理(即“烃池”机理)已达成基本共识,但反应诱导期的第一个C-C键的形成及转化过程一直是该领域具挑战性和争议性的课题.原位谱学技术的发展为探究MTH反应第一个C-C键的形成机理研究带来了机遇,目前,已有多条关于C-C键形成及转化路径的报道.然而,有关MTO反应机理,尤其是第一个C-C键形成及转化为“烃池”物种过程的报道和文献总结尚不充分.此外,有关机理研究用于指导高效MTO催化剂设计的文献综述较少.基于该反应重要的基础及应用研究背景,对其进行全面分析总结具有十分重要的意义.本文首先归纳总结了MTH反应的机理研究进展,包括第一个C-C键形成的直接机理、间接机理、“双循环”机理(提出及演变过程)以及由直接机理逐步转化为间接机理的...     

用于电解水制氢的过渡金属有机骨架基催化剂

金属有机骨架(MOFs)材料因具有无机和有机的杂合性质、高度有序的多孔性、结构可修饰性、比表面积大和孔隙率高等特点,在催化领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文从氢能的开发利用角度出发,在纯MOFs、MOFs复合及衍生材料三个方面对近十年来过渡金属MOFs基催化剂在电解水制氢方面的重要研究进展进行了综述,着重针对材料的合成进行了探讨,以及在基础研究和产业应用的角度指出当前过渡金属MOFs基制氢催化剂面临的挑战和机遇,对其应用前景进行展望。     

P修饰提高Fe-N-C的氧反应活性用于高稳定的锌-空气电池（英文）

生物质碳基材料具有可调的微观结构、丰富的表面活性中心、优良的导电和导热性能以及较大的比表面积,已经成为新能源领域的重要基础材料.然而,应用于锌-空气电池中时,碳基材料高电位下的碳腐蚀问题严重影响了电池的稳定性,因此,开发具有低过电位的析氧反应(OER)催化剂来降低充电电压是解决该问题的关键.本课题组采用一种低温磷化策略制备了具有低OER过电位的P修饰的Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N和生物质碳复合催化剂(P-Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N@NPC),其具有较好的双功能氧反应活性,氧还原反应(ORR)的半波电位为0.86 V,仅需要280 m V的OER过电位就可以达到10 m Acm^-2的电流密度.以P-Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N@NPC作为正极组装的锌-空气电池表现出低的充放电电压差和长期稳定性,在目前报道的碳基催化剂应用于锌-空气电池中具有很大优势.此外,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光...     

Lewis酸催化纤维素制乳酸机理研究

Because fossil fuels are continuously depleted, valorization of biomass into valuable liquid products and chemicals is of great significance yet it remains challenging. Among many biomass-derived products, lactic acid is one of the most important renewable monomers for preparing the degradable polymer polylactic acid. The use of raw biomass to produce lactic acid through catalytic conversion is an attractive approach. In this work, the catalytic reaction performance and mechanism of different Lewis acids (Y³⁺, Sc³⁺, and Al³⁺) for the production of lactic acid from cellulose were investigated in detail by isotopic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The production of lactic acid from cellulose includes tandem and competing reactions. The order of catalytic activity for the one-pot conversion of cellulose into lactic acid is as follows: Y³⁺ > Al³⁺ > Sc³⁺. The main tandem reactions involve the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, the isomerization of glucose into fructose (the order of catalytic activity, the same below: Y³⁺ > Al³⁺, Y³⁺ > Sc³⁺), the cleavage of fructose via a retro-aldol reaction to glyceraldehyde (GLY) and 1, 3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) (Sc³⁺ > Y³⁺ > Al³⁺), and the conversion of DHA or GLY to the final product lactic acid (Al³⁺ > Y³⁺ > Sc³⁺). It was found that the process of glucose isomerization to fructose was the key step to the final selectivity of the tandem reaction of cellulose conversion to lactic acid, and it was clarified that the production of lactic acid from DHA underwent a keto-enol (K-E) tautomerization process rather than a classical 1, 2-shift process. First, DHA was transformed into GLY via the isomerization process, then the adjacent hydroxyl group of GLY was removed in the form of water to produce an α, β-unsaturated species. After that, the α, β-unsaturated species underwent K-E tautomerization to generate unsaturated aldehyde-ketone intermediates. Meanwhile, a molecule of water was added to aldehyde-ketone intermediates to obtain a diol product, the hydrogen atom at the methine position was transferred and the lactic acid was finally obtained through the K-E tautomerization process. The in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism presented in this work will help to design more selective catalysts for cellulose conversion into value-added oxygen-containing small molecule chemicals.      

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

Dimethyl furan-2, 5-dicarboxylate (DMFDCA) is a valuable biomass-derived chemical that is an ideal alternative to fossil-derived terephthalic acid as a monomer for polymers. The one-step oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to DMFDCA is of practical significance. It not only shortens the reaction pathway but also avoids the separation process of intermediates; thus, reducing cost. In this work, non-noble bimetallic catalysts supported on N-doped porous carbon (CoMn@NC) were synthesized via a one-step co-pyrolysis procedure using different pyrolysis temperatures and proportions of metal precursors and additives. We employed the prepared CoMn@NC catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of HMF under mild reaction conditions to obtain DMFDCA. High-yield DMFDCA was obtained by screening the prepared catalysts and optimizing the reaction conditions, including the strength and amount of the base, as well as the reaction temperature. The optimized yield of DMFDCA was 85% over the Co₃Mn₂@NC-800 catalyst after 12 h at 50 ℃ using ambient-pressure oxygen. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using a variety of characterization techniques, the factors affecting the performance of each catalyst were investigated, and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and performance of the prepared catalysts was elucidated. A porous structure with a high surface area had a positive effect on mass transfer efficiency. Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and atomically dispersed Mn were coordinated to N-doped carbon to form M―N_x (where M = Co or Mn). Based on the Mott-Schottky effect, there was significant electron transfer between each metal and the N-doped carbon, additionally, the metal NPs supplied electrons to the carbon atoms. The electron-deficient metal site in the pyridinic N-rich carbon was beneficial for the activation of HMF and oxygen. The activation of oxygen produced reactive oxygen species (such as superoxide radical anions) to ensure high selectivity to DMFDCA through dehydrogenative oxidation of the hemiacetal intermediate and hydroxymethyl group of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-furoate. The existence of disordered and defective carbons increased the number of active sites. Subsequently, we performed a series of control experiments. Based on our current experimental results and previous studies, we propose a simple mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to DMFDCA. The catalyst was stable, its performance decreased slightly after two cycles, and it was tolerant to SCN⁻ ions and resistant against N or S poisoning. Furthermore, the use of this catalytic system can be expanded to various substituted aromatic alcohols, such as benzyl alcohols with different substituents, furfuryl alcohol, and heterocyclic alcohols. Simultaneously, the product type was further extended from methyl esters to ethyl esters with a high yield when the substrate reacted with ethanol. In conclusion, this catalytic system can be applied in the production of carboxylic esters for polymers.     

分级孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂用于高效电催化氧还原

氧还原反应（ORR）是金属空气电池以及质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFCs）系统重要的阴极反应,研究具有高活性与高稳定性的非贵金属催化剂具有重要意义。本研究使用了一种具有分级孔结构的MIL-101-(Al-Fe)作为金属前驱体模板,成功制备出具有分级多孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂。电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 mol/L KOH电解液中,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂表现出最优的氧还原性能（半波电位0.905 V以及5000圈CV测试后半波电位仅下降5 mV）,远高于纯碳基N-C-MIL-900催化剂（0.845 V）。通过旋转环盘电极测试发现,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂ORR电子转移数为3.98,H2O2产率低于3%,表现出明显的4电子ORR路径。这一工作为制备具有高ORR活性的Fe-N-C催化剂提供了一种新的途径。