乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯工业催化剂的失活原因

用混合法制备了工业乙苯脱氢催化剂,考察了新鲜催化剂和使用34个月后的催化剂的催化性能,并应用多种表征手段详细研究了所制备的工业催化剂在使用前后体相和表面的变化情况.活性测试结果发现,催化剂使用34个月后,活性下降12%,消炭后催化剂活性有所提高,但很快又恢复到失活后的水平.表征结果发现,积炭、钾的流失和催化剂活性相的烧结都不是导致催化剂失活的根本原因,而助催化剂钾的不均匀分布和催化剂活性相中Fe3 的还原可能是催化剂失活的主要原因.     

State‐of‐the‐Art and Progress in Method of Moments for the Model‐Based Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization

Reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques have received lots of interest for the past 20 years, not only owing to their simple, mild reaction conditions and broad applicability, but also their accessibility to produce polymeric materials with well‐defined structures. Modeling is widely applied to optimize the polymerization conditions and processes. In addition, there are numerous literatures on the kinetic and reactor models for RDRP processes, which show the accessibility on polymerization kinetics insight, process optimization, and controlling over chain microstructure with predetermined molecular weight and low dispersity, copolymer composition distribution, and sequence distribution. This review highlights the facility of the method of moments in the modeling field and presents a summary of the present state‐of‐the‐art and future perspectives focusing on the model‐based RDRP processes based on the method of moments. Summary on the current status and challenges is discussed briefly.

     

Modification of a three-way catalyst washcoat by aging: A study along the longitudinal axis

This work reports the research carried out by studying aliquots extracted at different axial coordinates from Three Way Catalyst (TWC) monoliths aged under real traffic conditions. Our study focused on the catalytic properties and on several chemical and physical effects caused in the Front and Rear monolith washcoat surfaces by vehicle aging after 60,000 km. Regarding the catalytic properties, all the used aliquots showed poorer activity than their corresponding fresh counterparts. The strongest deactivation was detected for NO and hydrocarbon conversion. CO conversion was less affected and the Rear monolith was as deactivated as the Front one. The characterisation techniques (TXRF, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD and H₂-TPR) detected - (i) the deposition of P, Zn and Pb; (ii) the formation of CePO₄ on account of the Ce from the washcoat; (iii) thermal sintering; (iv) inhibition of the reducibility of Ce oxides - as the main effects brought about by vehicle aging conditions. The deactivation observed at the beginning of the Front monolith was the result of a combination of the former effects. When moving downstream to higher axial coordinates, Pb accumulation and the loss of specific area appeared to be the only probable sources of deactivation.     

Study on deactivation and regeneration of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in hydrogen peroxide production by the anthraquinone process

Deactivated palladium catalysts in the hydrogenation of anthraquinione were regenerated with ethanol, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, boiling water and steam, respectively. The deactivated and regenerated catalysts were characterized by XPS, ICP, TG, FTIR, TPD, XRD, etc., and studied in the hydrogenation of anthraquinone. The results showed that the main cause of catalyst deactivation is the coverage of the active component by deposits. The treatments by hydrogen peroxide and boiling water can effectively regenerate the deactivated catalysts. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Radiationless deactivation of excited molecules of 4-aminonaphthalimides

The effects of alkylation of the 4-amino group, polarity and viscosity of a solvent, and temperature on the fluorescence ofN-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)imides of 4-amino-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid were studied. A decrease in the temperature and polarity of 4-dimethylaminonaphthalimide to decrease and have almost no effect on the rate of emissive deactivation of excited state. The abnormally low efficiency of fluorescence of 4-dimethylaminonaphthalimide in polar low-viscosity media at room temperature is associated with the formation of a nonfluorescent charge-transfer state. The increase in the rate of radiationless deactivation of 4-aminonaphthalimide in the alkylation of its amino group is associated with the increase in its electron-donor ability. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2142–2144, December, 1997.     

Hexane dehydrogenation to hexenes: a general indicator for deactivation of Pt catalysts in “skeletal” reactions

The comparative evaluation of dehydrogenation yields and selectivities of skeletal reactions from n-hexane reactions on monofunctional Pt catalysts is a good universal indicator of catalyst deactivation, independently of the presence and the nature of the support. Four regions could be defined with increasing carbon accumulation, causing "beneficial", "selective", "nonselective" and "severe" deactivation.     

催化裂化USY／ZnO／Al2O3脱硫添加剂的高温水热失活

 对USY／ZnO／Al2O3汽油催化裂化脱硫添加剂经高温水热老化处理前后的脱硫性能进行了考察，发现老化后添加剂的脱硫性能大幅度下降．采用XRD和IR等技术对USY／ZnO／Al2O3添加剂在高温和高温水热条件下失活的原因进行了研究．结果表明，在高温下，ZnO可与USY沸石中的铝发生固相反应生成ZnAl2O4尖晶石，从而造成USY晶体结构崩塌，转变成无定形状态．在ZnO含量较高的条件下，ZnO可继续与USY晶体结构崩塌后生成的无定形的硅和铝的氧化物反应，生成Zn2SiO4硅锌矿和ZnAl2O4尖晶石结构．这一方面使添加剂失去了可形成硫化物吸附中心的ZnO，另一方面破坏了硫化物的裂化活性组分USY，从而造成添加剂脱硫性能下降甚至失去脱硫活性．ZnO对USY的破坏作用主要与温度有关．在USY／ZnO／Al2O3体系中，ZnO被ZnO与Al2O3之间形成的锌铝尖晶石膜固定并与USY隔离，单纯的高温条件对添加剂的破坏不显著，而水蒸气可以促进ZnO的移动，有利于ZnO与USY的接触，因此在高温和有水蒸气存 在的条件下添加剂的结构易遭到破坏．     

邻苯二酚与乙醇单醚化反应用固体酸催化剂表面上的积炭行为

 研究了邻苯二酚与乙醇气固相单醚化反应用固体酸催化剂表面上的积炭行为，并用TG－DTA，BET，GC－MS，FT－IR和元素分析等手段对积炭物种进行了表征．结果表明，催化剂上有两种类型的积炭，一类属可溶性积炭，主要由二苯醚及其衍生物组成，可在低温燃烧除去；另一类属不可溶性积炭，主要为缺氢的芳烃类聚合物或类石墨碳，需在高温下才能烧除．积炭主要发生在4～8nm范围的中孔内，导致反应后的催化剂大孔范围的孔分布所占的分数增大．随着反应的进行，总积炭量逐渐增多．     

催化燃烧去除VOCs污染物的最新进展

催化燃烧是目前最有效的处理挥发性有机物(VOCs)技术之一. 本文从催化剂活性组分、催化剂载体、有效组分颗粒大小、水蒸汽的影响及催化燃烧反应中的积碳等几个方面, 对近年来催化燃烧处理VOCs的研究进行了总结. 分析表明: 贵金属催化剂的研究主要着重于选择有效的载体和双组分贵金属催化剂; 非贵金属催化剂的研究主要集中在高活性的过渡金属复合氧化物、钙钛矿和尖晶石型等催化剂的研制, 还有这些活性组分粒径大小及载体对催化燃烧VOCs反应活性的影响;此外, 在实际应用中,水蒸汽和催化剂积碳失活等问题对催化燃烧VOCs的反应也有很大影响. 本文的评述将为选择合适的催化燃烧技术处理VOCs污染物提供一定参考.