催化燃烧去除VOCs污染物的最新进展

催化燃烧是目前最有效的处理挥发性有机物(VOCs)技术之一. 本文从催化剂活性组分、催化剂载体、有效组分颗粒大小、水蒸汽的影响及催化燃烧反应中的积碳等几个方面, 对近年来催化燃烧处理VOCs的研究进行了总结. 分析表明: 贵金属催化剂的研究主要着重于选择有效的载体和双组分贵金属催化剂; 非贵金属催化剂的研究主要集中在高活性的过渡金属复合氧化物、钙钛矿和尖晶石型等催化剂的研制, 还有这些活性组分粒径大小及载体对催化燃烧VOCs反应活性的影响;此外, 在实际应用中,水蒸汽和催化剂积碳失活等问题对催化燃烧VOCs的反应也有很大影响. 本文的评述将为选择合适的催化燃烧技术处理VOCs污染物提供一定参考.     

La-Ni-Mo-B非晶态催化剂的制备、加氢脱氧性能及失活研究

以NaBH₄为还原剂采用化学还原法制备La-Ni-Mo-B非晶态催化剂,用BET、SEM、XRD和XPS等手段对催化剂进行表征,以4-甲基苯酚为探针研究其加氢脱氧性能,并探讨了4-甲基苯酚的加氢脱氧反应路径。结果表明,助剂La的加入,减小了催化剂的粒径,增大了比表面积,促进Ni²+和Mo⁶+的还原。275℃时,4-甲基苯酚加氢脱氧转化率达97%,甲基环己烷选择性达96%,加氢脱氧反应按氢化-氢解路径进行,产物中芳烃含量明显低于世界燃油规范Ⅲ类油标准（芳烃的质量分数小于15%）。催化剂活性降低的主要原因是由于Ni活性中心的非晶态结构被破坏。     

Deactivation of Cu‐Exchanged Automotive‐Emission NH3‐SCR Catalysts Elucidated with Nanoscale Resolution Using Scanning Transmission X‐ray Microscopy

To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of catalyst durability for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with an ammonia reductant, we employed scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) to study Cu‐exchanged zeolites with the CHA and MFI framework structures before and after simulated 135 000‐mile aging. X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) measurements were performed at the Al K‐ and Cu L‐edges. The local environment of framework Al, the oxidation state of Cu, and geometric changes were analyzed, showing a multi‐factor‐induced catalytic deactivation. In Cu‐exchanged MFI, a transformation of Cu^II to Cu^I and Cu_xO_y was observed. We also found a spatial correlation between extra‐framework Al and deactivated Cu species near the surface of the zeolite as well as a weak positive correlation between the amount of Cu^I and tri‐coordinated Al. By inspecting both Al and Cu in fresh and aged Cu‐exchanged zeolites, we conclude that the importance of the preservation of isolated Cu^II sites trumps that of Brønsted acid sites for NH₃‐SCR activity.     

吸附分离正构烃结焦失活的无粘结剂5A分子筛氧化再生研究

在固定床吸附器上模拟无粘结剂5A分子筛的失活过程,并对失活分子筛进行氧化再生研究。结果表明,焦炭会堵塞部分分子筛孔道,导致失活分子筛的比表面积和孔容减小、平均孔径增加。焦炭含量增加,分子筛的失活度增加,但增加的速率逐渐减小。氧化反应温度由582K升至787K,焦炭脱除率由64%增至100%。失活分子筛于787K下氧化处理后,其上焦炭被完全脱除,分子筛的吸附活性完全恢复。氧化再生后分子筛的比表面积和孔容增加,但难以恢复至新鲜分子筛的水平。在685K~884K,实验得到的无粘结剂5A分子筛上焦炭的氧化脱除宏观动力学方程为：ln(C₀/C) = 0.013exp(-28122.1/T) (p_O2)0.32t。     

Reactivation of a palladium catalyst during glucose oxidation by molecular oxygen

Kinetic data of glucose oxidation in aqueous solution catalyzed by heterogeneous palladium catalyst are presented under conditions of the catalyst reversible deactivation by oxygen. Measurements were run in a semi-continuous stirred tank reactor at 30°C and atmospheric pressure in kinetic regime. Effect of the reaction mixture composition on the reaction rate is presented. The catalyst activation/reactivation technique is discussed and optimized. Relation between optimal activation time and glucose concentration was defined.     

Characterization of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus firmus strain No. 37

The enzyme cyclod extringly cosyltransferase (CGTase), EC2.4.1.19, which produces cyclodextrins (CDs) from starch, was obtained from Bacillus firmus strain no. 37 isolated from Brazilian soil and characterized in the soluble form using as substrate 100 g/L of maltodextrin in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, 5 mM CaCl₂, and appropriate buffers. Enzymatic activity and its activation energy were determined as a function of temperature and pH. The activation energy for the production of β- and γ-CD was 7.5 and 9.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The energy of deactivation was 39 kcal/mol. The enzyme showed little thermal deactivation in the temperature range of 35–60°C, and Arrhenius-type equations were obtained for calculating the activity, deactivation, and half-life as a function of temperature. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, giving 77.6k Da. Results for CGTase activity as a function of temperature gave maximal activity for the production of β-CD at 65°C, pH 6.0, and 7 1.5 mmol of β-CD/(min·mg of protein), whereas for γ-CD it was 9.1 m mol of γ-CD/(min·mg of protein) at 70°C and pH 8.0. For long contact times, the bestuse of the enzymatic activity occurs at 60°C oratalower temperature, and the reaction pH may be selected to increase the vield of a desired CD.     

催化燃烧去除VOCs污染物的最新进展

催化燃烧是目前最有效的处理挥发性有机物(VOCs)技术之一. 本文从催化剂活性组分、催化剂载体、有效组分颗粒大小、水蒸汽的影响及催化燃烧反应中的积碳等几个方面, 对近年来催化燃烧处理VOCs的研究进行了总结. 分析表明: 贵金属催化剂的研究主要着重于选择有效的载体和双组分贵金属催化剂; 非贵金属催化剂的研究主要集中在高活性的过渡金属复合氧化物、钙钛矿和尖晶石型等催化剂的研制, 还有这些活性组分粒径大小及载体对催化燃烧VOCs反应活性的影响;此外, 在实际应用中,水蒸汽和催化剂积碳失活等问题对催化燃烧VOCs的反应也有很大影响. 本文的评述将为选择合适的催化燃烧技术处理VOCs污染物提供一定参考.     

活化/去活化过程对高密度表面引发聚合反应动力学的影响

利用粗粒化分子动力学方法提出了一个包含活化/去活化可逆过程的表面引发聚合反应模型,用以研究高引发密度表面引发聚合反应过程中不同聚合速率和不同转化几率(活化/去活化)对产物聚合物刷性质的影响.可通过调节聚合反应几率和活化/去活化过程发生的比率,在相对短的时间内制备高引发密度下低分散性的聚合物刷.     

MnO_2对TiO_2光催化降解苯胺的影响

采用动力学方法研究了MnO2颗粒物对TiO2光催化降解苯胺活性的影响,对比考察了光催化降解过程中苯胺溶液的UV吸收光谱的变化,并用HPLC方法鉴别了中间产物.结果表明,少量MnO2颗粒物就能使TiO2光催化降解苯胺的活性受到明显的抑制,不同结构的二氧化锰致毒效应由大到小的顺序为:δ-MnO2α-MnO2β-MnO2;降解不同时间后溶液的UV吸收光谱的变化也反映了MnO2颗粒物具有同样的致毒效应;MnO2颗粒物不改变TiO2光催化降解苯胺的途径,但对生成中间产物的基元步骤的抑制程度不同。     

Comparing the deactivation behaviour of Co/CNT and Co/γ-Al2O3 nano catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

An extensive study of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis on cobalt nano particles supported on γ-alumina and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) catalysts is reported.20 wt% of cobalt is loaded on the supports by impregnation method.The deactivation of the two catalysts was studied at 220 C,2 MPa and 2.7 L/h feed flow rate using a fixed bed micro-reactor.The calcined fresh and used catalysts were characterized extensively and different sources of catalyst deactivation were identified.Formation of cobalt-support mixed oxides in the form of xCoO yAl2O3 and cobalt aluminates formation were the main sources of the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst deactivation.However sintering and cluster growth of cobalt nano particles are the main sources of the Co/CNTs catalyst deactivation.In the case of the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst,after 720 h on stream of continuous FT synthesis the average cobalt nano particles diameter increased from 15.9 to 18.4 nm,whereas,under the same reaction conditions the average cobalt nano particles diameter of the Co/CNTs increased from 11.2 to 17.8 nm.Although,the initial FT activity of the Co/CNTs was 26% higher than that of the Co/γ-Al2O3,the FT activity over the Co/CNTs after 720 h on stream decreased by 49% and that over the Co/γ-Al2O3 by 32%.For the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst 6.7% of total activity loss and for the Co/CNTs catalyst 11.6% of total activity loss cannot be recovered after regeneration of the catalyst at the same conditions of the first regeneration step.It is concluded that using CNTs as cobalt catalyst support is beneficial in carbon utilization as compared to γ-Al2O3 support,but the Co/CNTs catalyst is more susceptible for deactivation.