Improvement in the light conversion efficiency of silicon solar cell by spin coating of CuO,ZnO nanoparticles and CuO/ZnO mixed metal nanocomposite material

Synthesis of pure Zinc oxide (ZnO), Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) and their (ZnO/CuO) nanocomposites (NCs) in 1:1 M ratio were successfully prepared by co-precipitation method. The structural properties of the as synthesized nanoparticles and nanocomposite materials were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Optical band-gap studies were done using UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. Photovoltaic properties of pure ZnO NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO/CuO NCs coated over a single-crystalline silicon solar cell were carried out to compare improvement of light-conversion efficiency in coated solar cell. The maximum light conversion efficiencies were found to be of 8.02% for CuO (3 mg/ml concentration) and 7.28% for ZnO NPs (3 mg/ml concentration), whereas that of mixed metal nanocomposite CuO/ZnO NCs was found to be 7.62%. at very low concentration of 1 mg/ml. This indicates with low concentration of mixed metal NCs an improvement in light efficiency can be obtained. The enhancement in efficiency could be due to formation of p - n heterojunction by CuO/ZnO NCs composites which enhances the number of electrons and holes participating in conduction on the surface.     

Process prediction of Ni–SiC coatings based on RBF-BP model

The preparation of Ni–SiC coatings using magnetic field-assisted jet electrodeposition under various plating settings is described in this study. A RBF-BP composite neural network with 4 × 4 × 4 × 7 × 10 × 1 was used to predict the corrosion resistance of Ni–SiC coatings prepared by employing different plating parameters. The results show that the fitting degree between the expected value and the actual value of the RBF-BP composite neural network is 0.97497. Moreover, the hybrid neural network can accurately predict the corrosion resistance of Ni–SiC coatings prepared under different process parameters. The corrosion weight loss of the coating is the lowest at the current density of 4 A/dm², a jet rate of 3 m/s, a SiC particle concentration of 8 g/L, and at a magnetic field intensity of 0.8 T, demonstrating its corrosion resistance under these conditions. According to the coating characterization analysis, the coating's grain size was significantly refined, and the surface was smoother with a high amount of uniformly sized SiC nanoparticles.     

Covalent anionic copolymer coatings with tunable electroosmotic flow for optimization of capillary electrophoretic separations

We present a method for finely adjustable electroosmotic flow (EOF) velocity in cathodic direction for the optimization of separations in capillary electrophoresis. To this end, we use surface modification of the separation fused silica capillary by the covalently attached copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate (AMPS), that is, poly(AM-co-AMPS) or PAMAMPS. Coatings were formed by the in-capillary polymerization of a mixture of the neutral AM and anionic AMPS monomers premixed in various ratios in order to control the charge density of the copolymer. EOF mobility varies in the 0 to ∼40 × 10⁻⁹ m² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ interval for PAMAMPS coatings ranging from 0 to 60 mol.% of charged AMPS monomer. For EOF in PAMAMPS-treated capillaries, we observed (i) a negligible dependence on pH in the 2–10 interval, (ii) a minor variance among background electrolytes (BGEs) in function of their components and (iii) its standard decrease with increasing ionic strength of the BGE. Interest in variable cathodic EOF was demonstrated by the amelioration of separation of two kinds of isomeric anionic analytes, that is, monosaccharides phosphates and helquat enantiomers, in counter-EOF mode.     

表面限域掺杂提升高比能正极材料稳定性

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have broad applications in a wide variety of a fields pertaining to energy storage devices. In line with the increasing demand in emerging areas such as long-range electric vehicles and smart grids, there is a continuous effort to achieve high energy by maximizing the reversible capacity of electrode materials, particularly cathode materials. However, in recent years, with the continuous enhancement of battery energy density, safety issues have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, becoming a non-negligible factor in determining whether the electric vehicle industry has a foothold. The key issue in the development of battery systems with high specific energies is the intrinsic instability of the cathode, with the accompanying question of safety. The failure mechanism and stability of high-specific-capacity cathode materials for the next generation of LIBs, including nickel-rich cathodes, high-voltage spinel cathodes, and lithium-rich layered cathodes, have attracted extensive research attention. Systematic studies related to the intrinsic physical and chemical properties of different cathodes are crucial to elucidate the instability mechanisms of positive active materials. Factors that these studies must address include the stability under extended electrochemical cycles with respect to dissolution of metal ions in LiPF₆-based electrolytes due to HF corrosion of the electrode; cation mixing due to the similarity in radius between Li⁺ and Ni²⁺; oxygen evolution when the cathode is charged to a high voltage; the origin of cracks generated during repeated charge/discharge processes arising from the anisotropy of the cell parameters; and electrolyte decomposition when traces of water are present. Regulating the surface nanostructure and bulk crystal lattice of electrode materials is an effective way to meet the demand for cathode materials with high energy density and outstanding stability. Surface modification treatment of positive active materials can slow side reactions and the loss of active material, thereby extending the life of the cathode material and improving the safety of the battery. This review is targeted at the failure mechanisms related to the electrochemical cycle, and a synthetic strategy to ameliorate the properties of cathode surface locations, with the electrochemical performance optimized by accurate surface control. From the perspective of the main stability and safety issues of high-energy cathode materials during the electrochemical cycle, a detailed discussion is presented on the current understanding of the mechanism of performance failure. It is crucial to seek out favorable strategies in response to the failures. Considering the surface structure of the cathode in relation to the stability issue, a newly developed protocol, known as surface-localized doping, which can exist in different states to modify the surface properties of high-energy cathodes, is discussed as a means of ensuring significantly improved stability and safety. Finally, we envision the future challenges and possible research directions related to the stability control of next-generation high-energy cathode materials.     

纳米金刚石对电沉积镍基复合镀层微观结构及抗磨性能的影响

利用直流电沉积技术制备了纳米和微米镍镀层,以及纳米金刚石增强镍基复合镀层,考察了纳米金刚石颗粒对纳米及微米镍基质的表面形貌、微结构、硬度及磨损性能的影响．结果表明：引入纳米金刚石使得微米镍镀层的硬度和抗磨性能显著提高;但引入纳米金刚石对纳米镍镀层硬度的影响不大,对镀层的抗磨性能则反而产生不利影响．     

Cr12MoV钢表面磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用非平衡磁控溅射方法在Cr12MoV钢表面制备了厚度约为3 μm的Ti/TiN涂层,测定了涂层的显微硬度,并通过划痕试验和摩擦磨损试验考察了涂层同基体的结合强度及其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:Ti/TiN涂层能够显著提高Cr12MoV钢的表面硬度和承载能力;涂层同Cr12MoV钢基体的结合强度较高,划痕临界载荷高于60 N;与此同时,磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层可以显著改善Cr12MoV钢的耐磨性能.这是由于磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层硬度高且与Cr12MoV钢基体的结合强度较高所致.     

冲击速度和磨粒粒度对FeCrAl/WC复合涂层冲蚀性能的影响

采用粉芯丝材作为原料,利用高速电弧喷涂技术制备了具有良好抗高温冲蚀磨损性能的FeCrAl/WC复合涂层;考察了650℃下冲击速度和磨粒粒度对复合涂层高温冲蚀磨损性能的影响.结果表明,复合涂层和20G锅炉钢的耐高温冲蚀磨损能力随着磨粒粒度的增加而有所提高;30°攻角下冲蚀率随磨粒粒度的变化速率比90°攻角下的小;同20G锅炉钢相比,复合涂层对速更加敏感,速度越低,FeCrAl/WC复合涂层的抗冲蚀磨损性能越好.     

无机类富勒烯过渡金属硫化物纳米材料的合成及其摩擦学应用研究进展

评述了无机类富勒烯（IF）与过渡金属硫化物（WS2和MoS2等）纳米材料的合成技术及其摩擦学应用研究的最新进展，外型为球形或近似于球形并具有嵌套中空结构的IF－WS2和IF－MoS2纳米果粒具有潜在的摩擦学应用前景；对含有IF－WS2纳米颗粒的复合材料和Ni-P复合镀层的研究表明，其比含有石墨和层状2H－WS2粉末的固体润滑剂具有更优异的摩擦学性能。     

等离子喷涂碳化铬－镍铬涂层的摩擦学特性

在发展新型高效节能的汽车和飞机发动机用耐磨材料中，碳化铬－镍铬涂层是很有开发前景的材料之一．为了扩大这种涂层的应用领域并为其应用提供科学依据，用ＭＭ－２００磨损试验机，研究了等离子喷涂碳化铬－镍铬（质量比为３∶１）涂层分别与不锈钢、热压烧结Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和石墨组成摩擦副的摩擦学特性；用扫描电子显微镜、Ｘ射线能量色散谱仪和Ｘ射线衍射技术，考察了磨痕和磨屑的形貌、元素分布和物相组成；讨论了涂层分别与给定的３种材料配副时的磨损机理．结果表明：涂层与不同材料对摩时的磨损量差别很大，磨损机理也明显不同——涂层与不锈钢对摩时的磨损表现为层状颗粒的断裂与剥离；涂层与Ｓｉ３Ｎ４对摩时的磨损主要表现为涂层颗粒的断裂和断裂颗粒的脱碳氧化；石墨对涂层具有润滑作用     

摩擦副材料对二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼添加剂摩擦学特性的影响

选择等离子喷涂钼合金层、渗氮层以及镀铬层为摩擦副材料 ,以全配方矿物基发动机油 SJ/ 5 W- 30作为基础润滑油 ,研究了上述 3种摩擦副材料对油溶性二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼 (Mo DTC)添加剂摩擦学特性的影响 .结果表明 :Mo DTC的摩擦学特性与摩擦副材料类型有关 ;采用喷钼层、渗氮层及镀铬层作为摩擦副材料 ,Mo DTC均表现出减摩和抗磨作用 ,对渗氮层的减摩抗磨效果最佳 .X射线光电子能谱分析表明 :摩擦副材料类型对添加剂中的 Mo和 S的化学状态和相对含量均有影响 ;摩擦副材料类型不同时 ,Mo DTC摩擦学行为的差异与其在磨损表面形成的 Mo S2 以及 Mo O3 、Fe S和磷酸盐等物质的含量有关