三个原人参二醇型单糖链配糖体的NMR信号全指定

从三七(Panax notoginseng)根总皂甙的弱酸水解产物中分离得到三个原人参二醇型单糖链配糖体.通过光谱方法,鉴定其结构分别为人参皂甙Rg5,20(R)-人参皂甙-Rg3与20(S)-人参皂甙Rg3.应用2D NMR技术,对它们的¹H和¹³C化学位移进行了全归属。     

二维相关红外光谱技术快速鉴别三七及其伪品

采用红外光谱法并结合二维相关红外光谱技术,对三七及其伪品姜黄、白术进行了快速无损的鉴别研究。在一维红外谱图上,三七及其伪品姜黄、白术中的黄酮成分、芳香成分和糖苷类成分的特征吸收峰均存在一定的差异。在1200~700cm~(-1)波数范围内,三七、姜黄均出现淀粉的特征峰,而白术没有显示淀粉的特征峰,根据各药材的红外光谱中淀粉的特征峰的相对强度,可判断三七中淀粉的相对含量要高于姜黄,而白术药材中不含淀粉。在二维红外谱图上,根据三者的自动峰的位置、数量和峰的相对强度的差异,可快速将三者鉴别出来。因此,常规红外光谱法和二维相关红外光谱技术相结合可实现三七的真伪鉴别。     

三七中2个微量人参皂苷的NMR信号全归属

从三七根的80%乙醇提取物中,分离并鉴定了2个人参皂苷类化合物,分别为6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-20-O-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-3β,6α,12β,20(S)-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene(化合物1)和notoginsenoside U(化合物2).应用1D和2D NMR(1H-1H COSY、HSQC和HMBC)对这2种化合物的结构进行解析,对化合物1的13C NMR文献报道数据进行了修正与讨论,并对化合物1的1H NMR数据进行全归属.同时在2D NMR的基础上对化合物2在氘代吡啶溶液中的1H NMR和13C NMR数据进行全归属.     

Biotransformation of the saponins in Panax notoginseng leaves mediated by gut microbiota from insomniac patients

Saponins extracted from Panax notoginseng leaves by methanol or water could be orally administrated for insomnia with very low bioavailability, which might be bio-converted by gut microbiota to generate potential bioactive products. Moreover, gut microbiota profiles from insomniac patients are very different from healthy subjects. We aimed to compare the metabolic characteristics and profiles of the two saponins extract by incubation with gut microbiota from insomniac patients. The ginsenosides, notoginsenosides, and metabolites were identified and relatively quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Gut microbiota was profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The results showed that saponins were very different between methanol or water extract groups, which were metabolized by gut microbiota to generate similar yields. The main metabolites included ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside F₂, ginsenoside C-Mc or ginsenoside C-Y, ginsenoside C-Mx, ginsenoside compound K, and protopanaxadiol in both groups, while gypenoside XVII, notoginsenoside Fe, ginsenoside Rd₂, and notoginsenoside Fd were the intermediates in the methanol group. Moreover, the microbial, Faecalibacterium prausnitzi, could bio-convert the saponins to obtain the corresponding metabolites. Our study implied that saponins extracted from P. notoginseng leaves by methanol or water could be used for insomniac patients due to gut microbiota biotransformation.     

蛋白质组学技术鉴定与分析三七粉诱导海兔神经连索表达的差异蛋白质

RP-HPLC分离三七粉提取液,并鉴定含有Rb1、Rg1、Re、R1等皂甙成分。以蓝斑背肛海兔(Notarcusleachii cirrosus Stimpson,NLCS)为分析模型,三七粉提取液为诱导剂,选用蛋白质组技术研究NLCS神经连索诱导前后所表达的差异蛋白质。通过优化双向凝胶电泳分离NLCS神经连索全蛋白质组技术,获得496个蛋白质斑点。采用肽指纹图谱技术和数据库检索比对法,初步鉴定了NLCS受三七粉提取液诱导前后,其神经连索表达13个差异蛋白质,其中较高的匹配率蛋白质为肌动蛋白、3-羟酯酰辅酶A脱氢酶、ATP结合转运子和甲基转移酶12。选用LOC tree软件对13个差异蛋白质进行亚细胞定位,认为它们在保护神经系统中发挥重要的调节作用。     

Chromatographic elution process design space development for the purification of saponins in Panax notoginseng extract using a probability‐based approach

A Monte Carlo method was used to develop the design space of a chromatographic elution process for the purification of saponins in Panax notoginseng extract. During this process, saponin recovery ratios, saponin purity, and elution productivity are determined as process critical quality attributes, and ethanol concentration, elution rate, and elution volume are identified as critical process parameters. Quadratic equations between process critical quality attributes and critical process parameters were established using response surface methodology. Then probability‐based design space was computed by calculating the prediction errors using Monte Carlo simulations. The influences of calculation parameters on computation results were investigated. The optimized calculation condition was as follows: calculation step length of 0.02, simulation times of 10 000, and a significance level value of 0.15 for adding or removing terms in a stepwise regression. Recommended normal operation region is located in ethanol concentration of 65.0–70.0%, elution rate of 1.7–2.0 bed volumes (BV)/h and elution volume of 3.0–3.6 BV. Verification experiments were carried out and the experimental values were in a good agreement with the predicted values. The application of present method is promising to develop a probability‐based design space for other botanical drug manufacturing process.     

High‐performance liquid chromatography based chemical fingerprint analysis and chemometric approaches for the identification and distinction of three endangered Panax plants in Southeast Asia

Among Panax genus, only three endangered species Panax notoginseng, P. vietnamensis, and P. stipuleanatus that have a similar morphology are mainly distributed in Southeast Asia. These three plants are usually misidentified or adulterated. To identify them well, their chemical chromatographic fingerprints were established by an effective high‐performance liquid chromatography method. By comparing the chromatograms, the three Panax species could be distinguished easily using the 22 characteristic peaks. Besides, the data of the chromatographic fingerprints aided by chemometric approaches were applied for the identification and investigation the relationship of different samples and species. Using similarity analysis, the chemical components revealed higher similarity between P. vietnamensis and P. stipuleanatus. The results of hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that samples belonging to the same species could be clustered together. The result of principal component analysis was similar with hierarchical clustering analysis and the three principal components accounted for >80.5% of total variability.     

Robust design space development for HPLC analysis of five chemical components in Panax notoginseng saponins

The present work describes the systematic development of a robust, precise, and rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analysis of five chemical components in Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) using quality by design (QbD). The method was developed in two main phases: screening and optimization. During the screening phase, the most suitable stationary phase, column temperature, and flow rate were identified, while the secondary influential parameters, such as the gradient slope, the initial concentration of acetonitrile, and the initial isocratic hold of the gradient elution system were fine-tuned in the later optimization phase. In this phase, a 17-run experiment was used to examine multifactorial effects of these parameters on the critical resolution, analysis time, and peak symmetry. The Monte Carlo simulation method was successfully used to build the chromatographic design space and the process capability index C_p was introduced to evaluate the robustness of the design space. At last, the verification experiment was performed within the working design space by the accuracy profile methodology and model was found to be accurate. A robust combination of separation conditions predicted in the design space was obtained with the gradient slope of 1.6% · min^?1, the initial concentration of acetonitrile of 20%, and the initial isocratic hold of 20 min, and the total analysis time was no more than 40 min. The results demonstrated that rapid separation of five components of PNS herbal extract could be achieved on the chromatographic column packed with narrow size particles at backpressures available in ordinary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments.     

紫外指纹图谱结合化学计量学对不同产地中药三七的鉴别研究

三七[Panax notoginseng(Burkill)F.H.Chen]为我国传统名贵中药,其质量受生长环境影响。本研究采用紫外指纹图谱技术建立快速准确的定性方法,研究不同产地三七之间的关系。采集云南10个不同地区共50个三七样品的紫外光谱,通过3组平均、4点平滑和1阶求导对原始图谱进行优化处理;考察样品超纯水、95%乙醇和三氯甲烷提取液紫外光谱的吸收峰数目,确定最佳提取溶剂;比较三七紫外光谱特征,探讨不同产地样品间的差异;利用偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least square discrimination analysis,PLSDA)对光谱数据进行处理,研究不同产地三七样品之间的关系。结果显示,样品三氯甲烷提取液紫外光谱的吸收峰数目最多,该方法的精密度、重复性和在30h内稳定性的变异系数RSD%分别在0.00~0.42,0.00~0.54,0.00~0.60之间。不同产地三七样品的紫外光谱峰形相似,吸光度值具有差异,呈现一定指纹特性;主要共有峰为194,200,204,210和218nm,吸光度分布在0.00~4.00之间,表明三七的主要成分组成与产地相关性低,含量与产地存在相关性。PLS-DA得分图直观显示了不同产地样品的分类情况及三七样品之间的关系,图谱相似的样品聚在较近区域,图谱有差异的样品区分较为明显,10个产地样品被分为四类。该方法能快速准确对不同产地三七样品进行定性分析,阐明样品紫外指纹图谱与产地的关系,为中药的资源鉴别提供理论参考。     

Complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR data for nine protopanaxatriol glycosides

Nine protopanaxatriol glycosides isolated from mild acid hydrolysis products of crude root saponins of Panax notoginseng were identified as 20(R)‐ginsenoside‐Rh1, 20(S)‐ginsenoside‐Rh1, ginsenoside‐Rg1, ‐Re and ‐Rg2, notoginsenoside‐R2 and ‐R1, a mixture of 25‐hydroxy‐20(S)‐ginsenoside‐Rh1 and its C‐20 (R) epimer, ginsenoside‐Rh4. The complete assignments of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts for these glycosides were obtained by means of 2D NMR techniques, including ¹H–¹H COSY, ROESY, HMQC, HMBC and HMQC‐TOCSY spectra. The glycosylation shift effect of protopanaxatriol and the differences in chemical shifts between 20(R)‐ and 20(S)‐protopanaxatriol isomers are also discussed. Except for ginsenoside‐Re and ‐Rg2, complete NMR assignments of the other seven glycosides are reported for the first time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.