水下吸声机理与吸声材料

随着我国加速实施海洋强国战略,对先进水下吸声材料的需求日益迫切.与空气吸声不同,水下的高静水压力和复杂的海洋环境对水下吸声材料提出了更为苛刻的要求.吸声问题的本质是如何将弹性能高效地转化为热能或其他形式能量.本文综述了主要以聚合物分于内摩擦机制及界面耗能机制为基础的传统水下吸声材料.传统水下吸声材料面临的主要是其在低频及高静水压力下吸声性能差的问题.这是因为:一方面受质量密度定律的限制,有限厚度的水下吸声材料无法有效吸收水中传来的低频声波;另一方面,在高静水压力下,弹性材料如高分于聚合物会变"硬",从而大大降低了声波弹性能的转换效率.随着局域共振理论及超材料概念的提出,发展出了一系列新型水下吸声材料,为解决水下吸声材料遇到的难题提供了新思路.局域共振理论的特点是可以用小尺度结构控制长波声波的传播,从而可以解决低频吸声问题.本文重点综述了局域共振理论,以及由此发展出的声于木堆、声于玻璃等新型水下吸声材料.声于玻璃材料在局域共振理论基础上,通过引入多孔金属骨架结构提高了材料的抗压性能,从而解决了高静水压力下材料吸声性能变差的问题.本文最后对水下吸声材料未来发展方向进行了展望.     

基于热经济学的O2/CO2循环燃烧系统和MEA吸附系统的技术-经济评价

化石燃料(特别是煤炭)燃烧所产生的CO2已经越来越受到关注,O2/CO2循环燃烧方式和MEA(mono ethanol amine,单乙醇胺)吸附系统是两种重要的具有CO2减排特征的能量转换系统.本文以某电厂300 MW燃煤机组为基础,以过程仿真技术为平台,利用热经济学成本分析的方法对该机组的两种CO2减排方式(O2/CO2循环燃烧方式和MEA吸附方式)进行了技术-经济评价,并比较它们的经济性能.系统评价指标选定为系统的发电成本(cost of electricity)和CO2减排成本(CO2 avoidance costs).分析结果显示:无论是哪一个指标,O2/CO2循环燃烧系统都要比MEA吸附系统小一些,O2/CO2循环燃烧系统更经济、更可取.     

熔石英亚表面三维Hertz锥形划痕附近光强分布的数值模拟

熔石英亚表面划痕对入射激光的调制是导致光学材料损伤的主要因素.本文建立了熔石英后表面上三维Hertz锥形划痕模型,采用三维时域有限差分方法对划痕周围的电场强度进行了计算模拟,并分别讨论了划痕的深度、半径以及倾斜角度对入射光场调制作用的影响.结果表明：Hertz锥形划痕中心区域的电场增强效果最明显,最容易被辐照损伤;划痕的深度从λ变化到9.5λ的过程中,熔石英内的最大电场强度逐渐增大;半径小于15λ的Hertz锥形划痕较容易引起熔石英的损伤,当半径大于175λ时,熔石英内的最大电场强度都维持在2.5 V/m,不再受半径大小影响;当入射激光在划痕的内侧界面和熔石英后表面之间发生内全反射时,光场增强效果愈加明显. 关键词： 三维时域有限差分 Hertz锥形划痕 电场分布 数值模拟     

Optical and structural properties of Ge-ion-implanted fused silica after annealing in different ambient conditions

Ge+ ions are implanted into fused silica glass at room temperature and a fluence of 1×10 17 cm-2 . The as-implanted samples are annealed in O2, N2 and Ar atmospheres separately. Ge0 , GeO and GeO2 coexist in the as-implanted and annealed samples. Annealing in different atmospheres at 600℃ leads each composite to change its content. After annealing at 1000℃, there remains some amount of Ge 0 in the substrates. However, the content of Ge decreases due to out-diffusion. After annealing in N2 , Si–N composite is formed. The absorption peak of GeO appears at 240 nm after annealing in O2 atmosphere, and a new absorption peak occurs at 418 nm after annealing in N2 atmosphere, which is attributed to the Si–N composite. There is no absorption peak appearing after annealing in Ar atmosphere. Transmission electron microscopic images confirm the formation of Ge nanoparticles in the as-implanted sample and GeO 2 nanoparticles in the annealed sample. In the present study, the GeO content and the GeO2 content depend on annealing temperature and atmosphere. Three photoluminescence emission band peaks at 290, 385 and 415 nm appear after ion implantation and they become strong with the increase of annealing temperature below 700℃, and their photoluminescences recover to the values of as-grown samples after annealing at 700℃. Optical absorption and photoluminescence depend on the annealing temperature and atmosphere.     

基于PEO的复合聚合物电解质的研究进展

从填料对聚合物电解质性能的影响、复合聚合物电解质性能的影响因素、聚合物电解质的结构和复合聚合物电解质的应用四方面综述了基于聚氧化乙烯（PEO）的复合聚合物电解质研究的最新进展。聚合物中加入纳米级无机填料可提高聚合物电解质的机械强度、电导率和锂／电解质界面的稳定性。     

钴锰复合金属氧化物同时去除室内甲醛和低浓度臭氧

采用原位浸渍法将钴锰复合金属氧化物Co-Mn Ox负载于堇青石蜂窝陶瓷上,考察了不同制备条件下,该催化剂在室内环境下同时去除甲醛和低浓度臭氧的性能.结果显示,钴锰摩尔比为1∶1,煅烧温度为773 K时,制备的样品催化活性最高,并且其甲醛去除率受环境湿度的影响不明显.XRD、BET、TEM、EDS、XPS、ICP等表征手段表明,这种较高的催化活性可能来自于形成的钙钛矿Co Mn O3晶相结构以及Co、Mn在催化剂中表现出的混合价态.我们同时利用原位红外技术对反应机理进行了探讨,结果表明:甲酸是甲醛臭氧催化氧化反应的主要中间产物.     

Optical and magnetic properties of nitrogen ion implanted MgO single crystal

The microstructure,optical property and magnetism of nitrogen ion implanted single MgO crystals are studied. A parallel investigation is also performed in an iron ion implanted single MgO sample as a reference. Large structural,optical and magnetic differences are obtained between the nitrogen and iron implanted samples. Room temperature ferromagnetism with a fairly large coercivity field of 300 Oe (1Oe=79.5775 A/m),a remanence of 38% and a slightly changed optical absorption is obtained in the sample implanted using nitrogen with a dose of 1×1018 ions/cm2 . Tran- sition metal contamination and defects induced magnetism can be excluded when compared with those of the iron ion implanted sample,and the nitrogen doping is considered to be the main origin of ferromagnetism.     

河水中兽药多残留分析时亲水亲脂平衡柱的基质效应和保留效果

基质效应是液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)定量分析中的重要干扰因素。以反渗透水为空白对照进行LC-MS/MS检测,在500倍浓缩条件下考察了33种兽药分别经Waters、Supelco和CNW等3种亲水亲脂平衡(hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB)固相萃取柱富集后的基质效应及其保留效果。结果表明,以反渗透水为基质时3种HLB柱均表现出外源性基质效应,对大部分喹诺酮类和四环素类兽药呈现促进效应,有两种HLB柱对雌激素类兽药等呈现抑制效应,对磺胺类兽药的基质效应不显著,有一种HLB柱对氯霉素类兽药呈现抑制效应;以河水为基质时,由于外源性杂质与内源性杂质共同作用,对大部分喹诺酮类和四环素类兽药呈现促进效应,对氯霉素类和雌激素类兽药呈现抑制效应,对磺胺类兽药基质效应不显著。与外标法相比较,基质匹配标准校正法可有效消除基质效应对检测结果的影响。在50 ng/L和200 ng/L两个加标水平下,Waters、Supelco和CNW 3种HLB柱对河水中33种目标兽药的校正后的回收率分别为40.3%~146.0%、37.8%~104.2%和52.9%~150.1%; RSD(n=4)为0.2%~14.6%。相同实验条件下3种HLB柱的外源性基质效应不容忽视。而采用基质匹配标准校正法克服目标物基质效应,保留效果无显著差异,富集效果良好,为河水样品中兽药多残留分析方法中固相萃取柱的选择提供了科学依据。     

Silicon on Insulator with Highly Uniform Top Si Fabricated by H/He Coimplantation

Silicon on insulator with highly uniform top Si is fabricated by co-implantation of H+and He+ions. Compared with the conventional ion-slicing process with H implantation only, the co-implanted specimens whose He depth is deeper than H profile have the top Si layer with better uniformity after splitting. In addition, the splitting occurs at the position that the maximum concentration peak of H overlaps with the secondary concentration peak of He after annealing. It is suggested that the H/He co-implantation technology is a promising approach for fabricating fully depleted silicon on insulator.     

熔石英亚表面三维Hertz锥形划痕附近光强分布的数值模拟

熔石英亚表面划痕对入射激光的调制是导致光学材料损伤的主要因素.本文建立了熔石英后表面上三维Hertz锥形划痕模型,采用三维时域有限差分方法对划痕周围的电场强度进行了计算模拟,并分别讨论了划痕的深度、半径以及倾斜角度对入射光场调制作用的影响.结果表明：Hertz锥形划痕中心区域的电场增强效果最明显,最容易被辐照损伤;划痕的深度从λ变化到9.5λ的过程中,熔石英内的最大电场强度逐渐增大;半径小于15λ的Hertz锥形划痕较容易引起熔石英的损伤,当半径大于175λ时,熔石英内的最大电场强度都维持在2.5 V/m,不再受半径大小影响;当入射激光在划痕的内侧界面和熔石英后表面之间发生内全反射时,光场增强效果愈加明显.