4.0 GPa压力下纯橄岩弹性纵波速度和衰减的实验研究

 应用超声波透射法和超声波频谱振幅比法、在4.0 GPa压力条件下、测量了弹性纵波通过纯橄岩的波速（v_P）和品质因子值（Q_P，用于表征衰减）随压力的变化，并分析了纯橄岩内部结构的变化对波速和衰减的影响。在实验压力范围内（≤4.0 GPa），随压力升高，纯橄岩的纵波速度逐渐增大：从7.6 km/s（0.4 GPa）逐渐增大至8.5 km/s（4.0 GPa），升高了11.8%，低压时的增大幅度大于高压时的增大幅度。纯橄岩的品质因子值呈两段式线性变化：从低压区间到高压区间品质因子值的增大幅度明显变小（0.4~2.4 GPa压力范围内Q_P增大了358.5%，2.4~4.0 GPa压力范围内Q_P仅升高了7.6%）。纯橄岩的品质因子从54（0.4 GPa）升高至266.4（4.0 GPa），增大幅度达393.3%。在相对低压（0.4~2.4 GPa）条件下，纵波通过纯橄岩的速度增大、衰减降低主要是由于样品内的孔隙和微裂纹大量闭合，岩石密度增大，纵波在通过样品内孔隙和裂缝时损失的机械能降低，因此纵波通过纯橄岩的能量增大（即衰减降低），波速升高；当围压较高（2.4~4.0 GPa）时，纯橄岩内大部分裂纹已经闭合，而且矿物颗粒边界接触紧密。岩石内部的裂纹和颗粒之间由于摩擦滑动而损失的能量也变少，所以在高压时纯橄岩的波速和衰减的变化幅度变缓，但波速仍呈线性增大，而品质因子值（衰减）随压力升高几乎趋于不变。     

公众参与下的企业环境行为演化研究

公众参与对环境治理非常重要并越来越受到社会各界的关注.本文采用演化博弈理论方法,建立了公众与排污企业行为交互过程的演化模型,用数值仿真展示了决策参数的不同取值和初始条件的改变对演化结果的影响.研究发现,公众参与下的企业环境行为路径演化系统既可以向良好状态演化,也可以“锁定”于不良状态;通过调节模型中的参数可以跳出不良“锁定”状态.本文的分析和结果可以为环境治理提供相应的参考.     

Structural,elastic, and vibrational properties of phase H:A first-principles simulation

Phase H(MgSiO_4H_2), one of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates(DHMSs), is supposed to be vital to transporting water into the lower mantle. Here the crystal structure, elasticity and Raman vibrational properties of the two possible structures of phase H with Pm and P2/m symmetry under high pressures are evaluated by first-principles simulations. The cell parameters, elastic and Raman vibrational properties of the Pm symmetry become the same as the P2/m symmetry at～ 30 GPa. The symmetrization of hydrogen bonds of the Pm symmetry at ～ 30 GPa results in this structural transformation from Pm to P2/m. Seismic wave velocities of phase H are calculated in a range from 0 GPa to 100 GPa and the results testify the existence and stability of phase H in the lower mantle. The azimuthal anisotropies for phase H are A_(P0)= 14.7%,A_(S0)= 21.2%(P2/m symmetry) and A_(P0)= 16.4%, A_(S0)= 27.1%(Pm symmetry) at 0 GPa, and increase to A_(P30)= 17.9%,A_(S30)= 40.0%(P2/m symmetry) and A_(P30)= 19.2%, A_(S30)= 37.8%(Pm symmetry) at 30 GPa. The maximum V P direction for phase H is [101] and the minimum direction is [110]. The anisotropic results of seismic wave velocities imply that phase H might be a source of seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle. Furthermore, Raman vibrational modes are analyzed to figure out the effect of symmetrization of hydrogen bonds on Raman vibrational pattern and the dependence of Raman spectrum on pressure. Our results may lead to an in-depth understanding of the stability of phase H in the mantle.     

Elastic properties of CaCO_3 high pressure phases from first principles

Elastic properties of three high pressure polymorphs of CaCO_3 are investigated based on first principles calculations.The calculations are conducted at 0 GPa–40 GPa for aragonite, 40 GPa–65 GPa for post-aragonite, and 65 GPa–150 GPa for the P2_1/c-h-CaCO_3 structure, respectively. By fitting the third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state(EOS), the values of bulk modulus K_0 and pressure derivative K~'_0 are 66.09 GPa and 4.64 for aragonite, 81.93 GPa and 4.49 for post-aragonite, and 56.55 GPa and 5.40 for P2_1/c-h-CaCO_3, respectively, which are in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical data. Elastic constants, wave velocities, and wave velocity anisotropies of the three highpressure CaCO_3 phases are obtained. Post-aragonite exhibits 25.90%–32.10% V_P anisotropy and 74.34%–104.30% V_S splitting anisotropy, and P2_1/c-h-CaCO_3 shows 22.30%–25.40% V_Panisotropy and 42.81%–48.00% V_S splitting anisotropy in the calculated pressure range. Compared with major minerals of the lower mantle, CaCO_3 high pressure polymorphs have low isotropic wave velocity and high wave velocity anisotropies. These results are important for understanding the deep carbon cycle and seismic wave velocity structure in the lower mantle.     

爆炸冲击震动对砖墙破坏作用的数值模拟

砖墙在爆炸冲击震动作用下的动力反应非常复杂,本构关系很难精确建立。本文阐述了砖墙几种常用的有限元模拟方法,分析各种方法的优缺点,确定采用一种砖块和砂浆分开的精细化建模的三维砖墙有限元模型;通过LS-DYNA软件,得到砖墙在水平爆炸冲击震动荷载下的破坏过程,计算结果与实验现象很好。研究表明:该种分析模型综合考虑了砖块和砂浆之间复杂的相互作用,并且对砂浆层进行了单独建模,保证了砖墙在数值模拟上的真实性和正确性,因此可以准确地模拟出实验中砖块之间砂浆层的损伤积累破坏。     

在200℃和0.95～7.70GPa下天然斜绿泥石的拉曼光谱特征

在200℃,0.95~7.70 GPa下,利用激光拉曼光谱技术研究了天然斜绿泥石晶体结构随压力的变化。在200℃,斜绿泥石481和786 cm-1谱峰随压力增加有规律地向高频方向偏移,拉曼位移(N,cm-1)与压力(P,GPa)的线性关系分别为:N=11.136P+482.6(R2=0.987 4)和N=5.055P+785.7(R2=0.983 7)。由于四面体层T阳离子与TOT层八面体M阳离子之间产生强烈的排斥作用,使Si—Onb键能增强,导致硅氧四面体层中Si—Onb键伸缩振动的865 cm-1谱峰随压力没有明显的频移。481和786 cm-1谱峰分别对应斜绿泥石晶体结构中M4八面体中M—Obr伸缩振动和Si—Obr—Si伸缩振动,频移说明M—Obr和Si—Obr键长缩短。在实验条件下绿泥石没有发生相变。研究结果说明,在某些冷俯冲带,绿泥石至少在80~90 km深部可能稳定存在,绿泥石脱水及其产生的流体可能是俯冲带地震孕育和发生的重要因素。     

Evidence for Grain Boundary Transport from Impedance Spectroscopy of Gabbro at 1－2GPa up to 890℃

Impedance spectra of gabbro were measured at 1-2 GPa and up to 890℃ with applied frequency of 12 to 10^5 Hz. At temperatures below 680℃, only one impedance arc corresponding to the grain interior conduction process occurs. Owing to the grain boundary transport with increasing temperature, the impurities occur at the grain boundaries, resulting in the second arc corresponding to the grain boundary conduction process over the frequency range of 12 to 10^3Hz above 680℃, and the resistivities of the grain interior and the grain boundary conduction mechanisms add in series. The total conductivity of this rock is dominated by the grain interior conductivity and the impurities have no significant effect on the total electrical conductivities.     

基于演化博弈的大学生诚信考试研究

为研究一些要素对大学生诚信考试问题中主体行为演化的影响,借助演化博弈理论这一前沿研究工具,建立了监考教师与考生交互过程的演化模型,研究了各种情形下监考教师和学生行为交互系统均衡点的存在性和稳定性,并用数值仿真展示了决策参数的不同取值和初始条件的改变对演化结果的影响.研究发现:这些影响二者行为的要素作用的大小会影响均衡点的个数及其稳定性,均衡点的稳定性会在源点、汇点和鞍点之间变化,分析表明大学生从不诚信考试中获得的收益过高,对教师不认真监考监督、处罚不力,都可能使系统的演化向不良状态进化,并最终"锁定"于这一状态,并讨论了系统向良好状态演化和跳出不良"锁定"的条件.分析对大学生考试制度的创新和设计指明了方向.     

裂纹面受荷载作用的应力强度因子的计算

基于比例边界有限元法计算了裂纹面有荷载作用情况下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,给出了有限介质裂纹面作用荷载的比例边界有限元方程的基本求解过程.对于随径向坐标任意变化的一类面荷载的积分能够显式计算,不需要引入额外的近似;并将计算结果与解析解和数值结果进行对比,结果表明比例边界有限元法在计算裂纹面作用荷载时的应力强度因子是有效且精确的.此外,该方法可方便地处理各向异性材料裂纹问题,本文给出了正交各向异性矩形盘裂纹面受均布荷载情况的应力强度因子.     

0.5～4.0 GPa、100～300 ℃条件下辉长岩弹性波速及衰减特征

 报道了100～300 ℃、0.5～4.0 GPa条件下辉长岩纵波速度（v_P）和横波速度（v_S）,并且根据品质因子（Q_P、Q_S）的变化讨论了该条件下辉长岩的物性特征及其地震地质意义。实验结果表明：压力为0.5～4.0 GPa时,固定温度下辉长岩v_P、v_S、Q_P、Q_S随压力增大而递增,并且在0.5～2.3 GPa压力范围内它们随压力的变化率比在2.3～4.0 GPa范围内的大;固定压力下,温度从100 ℃增至300 ℃时,辉长岩v_P、v_S、Q_P、Q_S呈线性下降趋势。进一步分析得到：在0.5～2.3 GPa压力下,随着压力的增加辉长岩样品不断被压缩,样品的连续性变好,弹性加强,弹性波衰减变小,波速与Q值升高;在2.3～4.0 GPa压力下,样品被压密,样品接近连续弹性介质,弹性波衰减很小,波速与Q值的变化速率变小;在温度为100～300 ℃条件下,辉长岩样品内部以膨胀为主,样品密度变小,弹性波速与Q值呈线性下降趋势。研究结果表明,在岩石圈内构造应力局部集中会导致岩石Q值增大,岩石破裂、热物质局部聚集会导致岩石Q值降低,这也解释了地震前后观测到的震源区Q值的类似变化。