Transparent Conducting Films in the Zn--Sn--O Tie Line

Two Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ monolithic silica-alumina xerogels doped with different Yb³⁺ concentrations were prepared by sol–gel route. The samples were thermally treated in air at 950°C for 120 h, and Raman and UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy were used to monitor the degree of densification of the glasses and the residual OH     

Numerical generation of transparent boundary conditions on the side surface of a vertical transverse isotropic layer

We consider elastodynamics in transversely isotropic media with vertical symmetry axis. The governing equations are the two-dimensional second-order system for displacements. A numerical method for generating transparent boundary conditions on the cylindrical surface is proposed. The correspondent operator is non-local in both z-direction and time: it handles low-frequency spatial harmonics of the solution convolving their Fourier coefficients with sums-of-exponentials kernels with respect to time. Test calculations show high accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the proposed non-reflecting conditions even for those media parameters where PML fails.     

Transparent conductive films based on polymer composites containing the mixed‐valence tetrathiafulvalene nanofibers

We report the facile preparation of the conductive polymer composites containing the mixed‐valence tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) nanofibers and their applications as all‐organic transparent conductive materials. TTF can be used as a nanofiller for transforming conventional polymers to conductive materials. Self‐assemble nanofibers of the neutral and radical cation of TTF can be formed in the polymer solutions during the film deposition, and the resulting composite films with several micron thickness can serve as the conductive material with high transparency. Several kinds of conventional polymers, such as polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone), can be used as a polymer matrix of the composites. The conductivities of the PMMA film containing 35 mol % of the mixed‐valence TTF and the PEDOT–PSS film showed similar values (2.8 × 10^–2 and 5.4 × 10^–1 S/cm, respectively). In contrast, the normalized transmittance of the PMMA film by 1‐μm thickness greatly increased (96%/μm) when compared with that of the PEDOT–PSS film (10%/μm). In addition, the degradation of the conductivity of the nanofibers by heating and aging was effectively suppressed in the composite samples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6441–6450, 2009     

Metal grid technologies for flexible transparent conductors in large-area optoelectronics

Mechanically flexible optoelectronic devices such as flexible displays, touch-screens, wearable electronics and solar cells are attracting significant commercial interest. In these devices, a transparent conductor is an essential element that delivers or collects the electrical current to the active material while it allows light to enter or exit from the device. The transparent conductor is composed of a transparent conductive film and a metallic grid providing electrical conduction over the large area. In this article, we review the established processes used by the industry as well as emerging solution-based methods for processing metal grids. Furthermore, we review the issues and potentials of these emerging processes facing for large-area deployment. In the final section, we evaluate three applications of flexible transparent conductors in: perovskite-based solar cells, organic light emitting diodes and electrochromic windows.     

电解质和pH值对毒死蜱微乳液透明温度范围的影响

研究了电解质和pH值对毒死蜱微乳剂透明温度范围的影响,表面活性剂采用特殊苯乙基酚甲醛树脂聚氧乙烯醚和十二烷基苯磺酸钙(DBSCa)(质量比为3:7)复合物,质量分数75%毒死蜱二甲苯溶液为油相。研究结果表明,电解质的加入对表面活性剂作用的微乳剂透明温度范围均有显著影响,使上限温度明显下降;随阳离子电解质质量分数增加,上限温度下降;随阴离子电解质价数增加,上限温度先略增加后下降。电解质及其价数对下限温度影响均不大。弱酸性介质有利于扩大体系的透明温度范围,使上限温度达到最大值;而强酸性和强碱性介质,均使体系的上限温度下降。体系下限温度随pH值的增加缓慢升高。     

透明陶瓷透光性能的影响因素

 研究了影响激光透明陶瓷透光性能的主要因素,讨论了陶瓷内部气孔和杂质颗粒等散射粒子、晶界结构中晶界折射率与晶粒折射率的差异以及晶界表面粗糙度等因素对陶瓷透光性能的影响,并定量分析了激光陶瓷透过率随气孔尺寸、气孔率、晶粒相对晶界折射率以及晶界表面粗糙度的变化关系。结果表明： 陶瓷的透过率随着气孔率的减小而增大,但透过率随气孔尺寸的增大而呈现出周期性振荡,且当气孔尺寸与入射光波长可比拟时,陶瓷的透过率会明显降低;在晶界结构中,晶界的折射率与晶粒的折射率相差越小,陶瓷的透过率就越高;晶界表面粗糙度越大,透过率越低。然而,晶界折射率不同于晶粒折射率,这使得其陶瓷透过率降低的程度比对晶界表面粗糙度的影响明显得多。在陶瓷制备过程中,需要重点排除尺寸与入射波长可比拟的气孔, 以抑制晶界结构中第二相的产生。     

大功率固态脉冲形成线研究进展

 固态化是脉冲功率技术发展的新趋势。综述了中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所在大功率固态脉冲形成线方面的研究进展,给出了基于铁电陶瓷及玻璃-陶瓷复合材料的固态脉冲形成线绝缘强度、脉冲放电特性等方面的最新结果。对基于铁电陶瓷及玻璃-陶瓷复合材料的固态脉冲形成线的脉冲特性进行了分析和探索。     

3D features of modified photostructurable glass-ceramic with infrared femtosecond laser pulses

The exclusive ability of laser radiation to be focused inside transparent materials makes lasers a unique tool to process inner parts of them unreachable with other techniques. Hence, laser direct-write can be used to create 3D structures inside bulk materials. Infrared femtosecond lasers are especially indicated for this purpose because a multiphoton process is usually required for absorption and high resolution can be attained. This work studies the modifications produced by 450 fs laser pulses at 1027 nm wavelength focused inside a photostructurable glass-ceramic (Foturan^®) at different depths. Irradiated samples were submitted to standard thermal treatment and subsequent soaking in HF solution to form the buried microchannels and thus unveil the modified material. The voxel dimensions of modified material depend on the laser pulse energy and the depth at which the laser is focused. Spherical aberration and self-focusing phenomena are required to explain the observed results.     

Evaluation of Transparent Optical Network Performance in Presence of Incoherent Homodyne Crosstalk

A simple method to evaluate the performance of transparent optical networks (TON) that takes into account the incoherent homodyne crosstalk, signal distortion, inter-symbol interference (ISI), amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and arbitrary optical and electrical filters is proposed. This method combines the effect of the incoherent homodyne crosstalk with an exhaustive Gaussian approximation for the influence of ASE noise, signal distortion, and ISI. It is shown that the incoherent homodyne crosstalk penalty depends on the ASE noise accumulated in the TON, ISI, and extinction ratio. The proposed method estimates are compared with experimental results published by other authors. Good agreement is observed for one, two, and four incoherent homodyne crosstalk signals, revealing that the proposed method provides accurate estimates even when the methods based on a Gaussian approximation for the incoherent homodyne crosstalk fail. The proposed method is used to assess the performance of a TON composed by optical add-drop multiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings. Results reveal that incoherent homodyne crosstalk, ASE noise, and ISI impair the TON performance and, therefore, none can be neglected in the TON design.     

Copper as a Robust and Transparent Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation

Copper metal is in theory a viable oxidative electrocatalyst based on surface oxidation to Cu^III and/or Cu^IV, but its use in water oxidation has been impeded by anodic corrosion. The in situ formation of an efficient interfacial oxygen‐evolving Cu catalyst from Cu^II in concentrated carbonate solutions is presented. The catalyst necessitates use of dissolved Cu^II and accesses the higher oxidation states prior to decompostion to form an active surface film, which is limited by solution conditions. This observation and restriction led to the exploration of ways to use surface‐protected Cu metal as a robust electrocatalyst for water oxidation. Formation of a compact film of CuO on Cu surface prevents anodic corrosion and results in sustained catalytic water oxidation. The Cu/CuO surface stabilization was also applied to Cu nanowire films, which are transparent and flexible electrocatalysts for water oxidation and are an attractive alternative to ITO‐supported catalysts for photoelectrochemical applications.