激光与相对论电子束相互作用中阿秒X射线脉冲的产生

本文对激光与相对论电子束相互作用产生的阿秒X射线脉冲进行了研究.阿秒X射线脉冲是由于激光被相对论运动的电子束经过汤姆孙后向散射产生的.讨论了等离子体参数对产生的阿秒X射线的影响.发现其波长随着入射激光的频率的增加或电子束的速度增加而减小.选择合适的参数还可以获得"水窗"波段的X射线.还讨论了相对论电子束的密度与其前沿的密度梯度的大小对所产生X射线的转化效率的影响. 关键词： 阿秒X射线脉冲 汤姆孙后向散射 超强激光 相对论电子束     

改进液相氧化还原法制备高性能氢气吸附用石墨烯

以液相氧化还原法为基础,并在分散剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作用下制备得到高质量石墨烯,有效避免了在此过程中石墨烯大量团聚的现象.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(RS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等分析手段对石墨烯样品进行了表征.XRD结果体现了石墨、氧化石墨和石墨烯晶型结构的区别;SEM和TEM结果显示石墨烯呈网格状,表面平整,缺陷少;AFM分析表明样品中单层石墨烯厚度约为1.3 nm,同时也存在少许双层结构.BET测试法得到石墨烯的比表面积高达1206 m2·g-1,考察了石墨烯在高压条件下对H2的吸附性能.通过对方法改进前后所制备的石墨烯样品进行比较,结果表明,十二烷基苯磺酸钠的加入有效地减小了石墨烯的大量团聚,且得到了高质量的石墨烯.在25和55℃条件下,高质量石墨烯对氢气的吸附量分别达到1.7％(w)和1.1％(w),比之前研究结果有了很大提高.     

双水相超声萃取-分光光度法测定蒲公英中总黄酮

向50.0mg蒲公英粉中加入正丙醇2.00mL及磷酸二氢钠2.5g,于50℃进行双水相超声萃取30min。经过滤并静止分层后,黄酮进入正丙醇相中,使其与水相分离后,将正丙醇相蒸干,所得残渣用乙醇(1+1)溶液溶解定容至50mL,在510nm波长处测量其吸光度。黄酮的质量浓度在8.0mg·L~(-1)以内与其对应的吸光度呈线性关系。方法用于蒲公英中总黄酮的测定,测得萃取率达4.12%。     

超声波提取-气相色谱/质谱联用分析烟叶中挥发性和半挥发性有机酸

采用超声波提取、硅烷化衍生、气相色谱-质谱(0C-MS)法,并以山梨酸和肉桂酸为双内标,建立了同时、快速分析烟叶中26种挥发性和半挥发性有机酸的方法.结果显示,所测定的26种有机酸中,工作曲线线性相关系数有23种在0.999以上;方法的相对标准偏差在0.87%～5.67%范围;回收率在83.5%～109.6%范围;方法...     

超声波提取-火焰原子吸收光谱法连续测定土壤中有效铜铁锌锰

为提高测土配方施肥的测土效率,建立了超声波提取-火焰原子吸收光谱法连续测定土壤提取液中有效态铜、铁、锌、锰的快速检测方法.实验结果表明,该方法加标回收率为77.6%～95.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%～6.5%,测定结果与农业行业标准方法的测定结果无显著性差异.方法具有快速,准确,操作简单等特点,有较好的实用...     

响应面法优化超声提取熟地黄中5-羟甲基糠醛的工艺

采用响应面法优化了超声提取熟地黄中5-羟甲基糠醛的工艺.选取提取时间、溶剂浓度和温度3个因素为随机因子,在单因素的基础上进行3因素3水平Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,以5-羟甲基糠醛得率为响应值进行响应面分析.优化后的超声提取熟地黄中5-羟甲基慷醛的条件为:在提取时间61.6min,溶剂体积分数90.5%,提...     

超声波辅助浸提-冷原子吸收光谱法测定化妆品中的汞

建立了超声波辅助浸提-冷原子吸收光谱法测定化妆品中汞的方法,对样品前处理方法、样品取样量、盐酸羟胺、正辛醇及其他共存金属离子等影响因素进行了研究。该方法汞的检出限为0.012μg,加标回收率为87.5%—98.3%,该方法与国标方法对照,缩短了样品前处理时间且结果无显著性差异,为化妆品中汞的检测与质量控制提供了一种快速、准确的分析方法。     

Study on a novel omnidirectional ultrasonic cavitation removal system for Microcystis aeruginosa

Microcystis aeruginosa, as a typical alga, produces microcystin with strong liver toxicity, seriously endangering the liver health of human and animals. Inhibiting the bloom of the Microcystis aeruginosa in lakes becomes a significant and meaningful work. Ultrasonic cavitation is currently considered to be the most environmentally friendly and effective method for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa. However, the commercialized ultrasonic algae removal systems require multi-Langevin transducers to achieve omnidirectional ultrasonic irradiation due to the single irradiation direction of the Langevin transducer, resulting in the complex design and high energy consumption. To achieve a low-cost, simple structure, and high-efficiency algae removal system, a novel omnidirectional ultrasonic cavitation removal system for Microcystis aeruginosa is proposed. The proposed system is major composed of a novel omnidirectional ultrasonic transducer, which generates the omnidirectional ultrasonic irradiation by its shaking-head motion coupled by two orthogonal bending vibration modes. Modal simulation, sound field simulation, and cavitation bubble radius simulation are first carried out to optimize the geometric sizes of the proposed transducer and verify the correctness of the omnidirectional ultrasonic irradiation principle. Then the vibration characteristics of the transducer prototype are measured by vibration tests and impedance tests. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed omnidirectional ultrasonic removal system for Microcystis aeruginosa are evaluated through the algae removal experiments. The experimental results exhibit that the algal cells damaged by ultrasonic irradiation from the proposed system do not have the ability to self-repair. In addition, the algal removal rates reached 55.41% and 72.97% after 30 min of ultrasonic treatment when the corresponding ultrasonic densities are 0.014 W/mL and 0.021 W/mL, respectively. The proposed omnidirectional ultrasonic algae removal system significantly simplifies the configuration and reduces energy consumption, presenting the potential promise of algae removal and environmental protection.     

Physicochemical properties and microstructure of composite surimi gels: The effects of ultrasonic treatment and olive oil concentration

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extra virgin olive (EVO) oil incorporation on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of surimi gels subjected to ultrasound-assisted water-bath heating. As the oil content was increased from 0 to 5 g/100 g, the breaking force and gel strength of the surimi gels significantly decreased, while the whiteness level exhibited the opposite tendency irrespective of the heating method. Compared with the traditional water-bath heating method, the ultrasonic heating promoted the unfolding of the α-helix structure and intensified the formation of β-sheet content and non-covalent bonds (ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds), especially disulfide bonds, which contributed to the further crosslinking of the proteins and to gelation, thereby improving the gels’ strength. In addition, smaller cavities and compact microstructures were observed in the low-oil (≤3 g/100 g) surimi gels under ultrasonic treatment, which effectively prevented water migration in the gel network and resulted in a high water holding capacity and uniform water distribution. However, the ultrasonic treatment barely remedied the poor microstructures of the high-oil (>3 g/100 g) surimi gels owing to oil coalescence, which weakened the protein–protein interaction. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment combined with water-bath heating significantly improved the gelation properties of the low-oil surimi gels, although it did not remarkably improve those of the high-oil gels. The choice of a suitable oil concentration could be of great importance for the production and functioning of surimi products via ultrasound-assisted treatments.     

Combined effects of ultrasound and antioxidants on the quality maintenance of bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) adductor muscles during cold storage

The combined effects of ultrasound and the antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) on the quality maintenance of the adductor muscle of scallops (AMSs) during cold storage was investigated. Ultrasound power at 350 W coupled with AOB solution (2% w/v) (UAOB-350) was applied to treat the AMSs according to Taylor diagram analysis. The microstructure, oxidative changes (lipid and protein oxidation), total numbers of colonies, total volatile basic nitrogen, and texture of the AMSs during 6 days of cold storage were analysed. The results indicated that UAOB-350 treatment could effectively retard protein and lipid oxidation and bacterial growth and maintain better microstructure and texture characteristics than AOB solution treatment alone, prolonging the shelf life of the AMSs by 2 days during storage at 4 °C. These results indicate that the UAOB-350 combination method has promising potential to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of AMSs during cold storage.